Cannabis Industry Glossary
Cannabis Industry Glossary
This content is informational. Not medical advice. Consult a healthcare provider.
A comprehensive A-Z glossary of cannabis industry terminology covering cultivation, processing, retail, compliance, science, consumer culture, and business. Each entry includes a practical "why this matters" context connecting to real-world retail, migration, and catalog work.
Quick Reference
| Domain | Term Count | Anchor | Description | |--------|-----------|--------|-------------| | Cultivation | 126 | Cultivation | Growing methods, plant biology, harvest techniques | | Processing & Extraction | 72 | Processing & Extraction | Concentrate production, extraction methods, post-processing | | Product Types & Forms | 66 | Product Types & Forms | Consumable formats, concentrate types, delivery methods | | Retail & Dispensary | 71 | Retail & Dispensary | Store operations, POS, customer experience, merchandising, consumption lounges | | Compliance & Legal | 75 | Compliance & Legal | Regulations, licensing, track-and-trace, tax codes | | Lab Testing & Science | 59 | Lab Testing & Science | COA interpretation, potency, contaminants, testing methods | | Consumer & Effects | 50 | Consumer & Effects | Dosing, consumption methods, onset, effects terminology | | Cannabis Slang | 80 | Cannabis Slang | Street and cultural terms mapped to professional equivalents | | Business & Finance | 52 | Business & Finance | MSOs, licensing economics, tax, investment, operations | | Total | 651 | | |
How to use this glossary: Claude reads the Quick Reference first. For deeper science on cannabinoids or terpenes, see the dedicated reference files linked in cross-references.
Cultivation
Acclimation (cultivation) The process of gradually adjusting cannabis clones or seedlings to new environmental conditions (light intensity, humidity, temperature) to prevent transplant shock. Proper acclimation reduces stress and ensures healthy establishment.
Aeroponics (cultivation) A soilless growing method where roots hang in air and are misted with nutrient solution. Produces fast growth and high yields but requires precise environmental control. See also: hydroponics, deep water culture.
Autoflower (cultivation) Cannabis genetics (typically ruderalis crosses) that flower based on age rather than light cycle changes. Autoflowers simplify cultivation by removing the need for photoperiod manipulation. Common in home-grow and fast-turnaround commercial operations. See also: photoperiod, ruderalis.
Backbuilding (cultivation) A training technique where the tip of a bud is removed to encourage the remaining bud to swell outward rather than elongating. Used to increase density and bag appeal in premium flower production.
Bag appeal (cultivation) The visual attractiveness of cannabis flower -- dense, well-trimmed buds with visible trichomes, vibrant colors, and no stems or leaf. Bag appeal is a primary driver of purchasing decisions and pricing tier classification. Premium flower commands top-shelf pricing largely on bag appeal.
Beneficial insects (cultivation) Predatory or parasitic insects introduced into a cannabis grow to control pest populations. Common beneficials include ladybugs (for aphids), predatory mites (for spider mites), and parasitic wasps (for fungus gnats). A core component of IPM. See also: integrated pest management.
Bract (cultivation) The small leaf-like structure that encases the cannabis calyx and is covered in trichomes. Bracts are where the highest concentration of cannabinoids and terpenes are produced. Often confused with calyx in common usage.
Breeder (cultivation) A person or company that develops new cannabis genetics through selective crossing of parent strains. Breeders create the genetic foundation for all commercial cultivars. Notable breeders include Seed Junky, Compound Genetics, and Archive Seeds. See also: phenotype, cultivar.
Broad mite (cultivation) A microscopic pest that causes leaf curling, blistering, and stunted growth. Broad mites are among the most difficult cannabis pests to diagnose because they are invisible to the naked eye. Infestations can devastate entire crops if not caught early.
Bud rot (cultivation) Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) that develops inside dense flower clusters, typically caused by high humidity or poor airflow. Bud rot renders affected flower unsellable and can spread rapidly through a canopy. Products that fail microbial testing often trace back to Botrytis.
Bud washing (cultivation) Rinsing harvested cannabis in a series of water baths (often with hydrogen peroxide or lemon juice/baking soda) to remove dust, pest residue, and contaminants. Increasingly common in outdoor and light-dep grows.
Calcium deficiency (cultivation) A nutrient deficiency showing as brown spots and crispy edges on leaves, typically starting on newer growth. Calcium is immobile in the plant so deficiency appears at the top first. Common in coco coir grows and when using filtered/RO water without calcium supplementation. See also: nutrient lockout.
Calyx (cultivation) The pod-shaped structure on female cannabis flowers that contains the ovule and eventually the seed. Calyxes are covered in trichomes and are the primary site of resin production. Often used interchangeably (though inaccurately) with bract.
Canopy (cultivation) The upper surface area of a cannabis grow, measured in square feet. Canopy is the primary metric for cultivation licensing -- most state licenses define capacity as a canopy limit. See also: Business & Finance for canopy as a business metric.
Canopy management (cultivation) The practice of shaping and maintaining the cannabis plant canopy through training, defoliation, and spacing to maximize light penetration and airflow. Effective canopy management directly impacts yield and flower quality. See also: training, SCROG.
Carbon filter (cultivation) An activated carbon ventilation filter used to scrub terpene odors from grow room exhaust. Required in most regulated facilities to control odor and maintain community relations.
Clone (cultivation) A genetically identical cutting taken from a mother plant. Cloning ensures consistency across harvests -- every plant in a run has the same genetics, cannabinoid profile, and growth characteristics. Clones are the backbone of commercial cultivation consistency. See also: mother plant, phenotype.
CO2 enrichment (cultivation) Supplementing grow room air with carbon dioxide (typically 1000-1500 ppm) to accelerate photosynthesis and increase yields. Requires sealed environments and careful monitoring to avoid toxicity. Standard in professional indoor grows.
Coco coir (cultivation) A growing medium made from coconut husk fiber. Coco coir offers excellent water retention and drainage, sitting between soil and hydroponic methods. Popular in commercial grows for its consistency and reusability. See also: growing medium, perlite.
Colloidal silver (cultivation) A solution of silver nanoparticles sprayed on female cannabis plants to suppress female hormones and induce male pollen sac production. Used by breeders to create feminized seeds without needing a male plant. The resulting pollen is used on other females to produce all-female offspring. See also: feminized seed.
Cola (cultivation) The main flowering cluster at the top of a cannabis branch. The terminal cola (or "main cola") at the plant's apex is typically the largest and densest flower site. Training techniques aim to create multiple colas of equal size.
Companion planting (cultivation) Growing complementary plants alongside cannabis to deter pests, attract beneficial insects, or improve soil health. Basil, marigolds, and clover are common companions in organic cannabis cultivation.
Compost tea (cultivation) A liquid fertilizer brewed by steeping compost in aerated water, often with added molasses to feed microorganisms. Used in living soil and organic cultivation to promote beneficial microbial activity in the root zone. See also: living soil, top dressing.
Cotyledon (cultivation) The first pair of round, embryonic leaves that emerge from a germinating cannabis seed. Cotyledons provide initial energy for the seedling before true leaves develop. Not to be confused with true leaves which show serrated edges.
Crop rotation (cultivation) In outdoor cannabis cultivation, the practice of planting in different areas between seasons to prevent soil depletion and reduce pest/disease pressure. Less relevant in indoor grows where media is replaced, but the principle of varying strains (genetic rotation) applies to IPM strategies.
Crop steering (cultivation) Manipulating environmental variables (irrigation frequency, EC, light intensity, temperature differentials) to direct plant energy toward either vegetative growth or generative (flowering) development. A precision cultivation technique gaining adoption in commercial facilities.
Cross-pollination (cultivation) The transfer of pollen from a male plant (or hermaphrodite) to a female plant, resulting in seeded flower. Cross-pollination is generally undesirable in commercial production (seeds reduce flower quality and value) but essential for breeding new cultivars. See also: hermaphrodite, breeder.
Cultivar (cultivation) The scientifically accurate term for what the cannabis industry typically calls a "strain." A cultivar is a cultivated variety selected for specific traits. Industry is slowly shifting from "strain" to "cultivar" but both terms remain in active use. See also: strain, phenotype.
Curing (cultivation) The controlled drying and aging process after harvest where flower is stored in sealed containers and periodically "burped" to regulate humidity. Proper curing (typically 2-4 weeks) develops terpene complexity, smooths the smoke, and preserves potency. Poorly cured flower is a common quality complaint.
Defoliation (cultivation) Removing fan leaves from a cannabis plant to improve light penetration and airflow to lower bud sites. A contentious technique -- some growers defoliate aggressively, others consider it harmful. Timing (typically early flower) and intensity are critical.
Deep water culture (DWC) (cultivation) A hydroponic method where plant roots are suspended directly in oxygenated, nutrient-rich water. DWC produces rapid vegetative growth but requires constant monitoring of dissolved oxygen and pH levels. See also: hydroponics, aeroponics.
Dioecious (cultivation) Having separate male and female plants. Cannabis is naturally dioecious -- only female plants produce the cannabinoid-rich flowers sought for consumption. Male plants are removed from commercial grows to prevent pollination. See also: feminized seed, hermaphrodite.
EC (cultivation) Electrical Conductivity -- a measure of dissolved nutrient concentration in water, measured in mS/cm or dS/m. EC is used alongside PPM to monitor and adjust nutrient solution strength. Lower EC for seedlings/clones (0.4-0.8), higher for flowering plants (1.2-2.0). See also: PPM.
Environment controller (cultivation) An automated system that monitors and adjusts temperature, humidity, CO2, and lighting in a grow room. Environment controllers range from simple thermostats to sophisticated AI-driven systems. Essential for commercial cultivation consistency. See also: VPD.
DLI (cultivation) Daily Light Integral -- the total amount of photosynthetically active light (PAR) a plant receives over a 24-hour period, measured in mol/m2/day. Cannabis requires 30-40 DLI during vegetative stage and 40-65+ DLI during flowering for maximum yield. DLI is a more holistic light metric than instantaneous PPFD. See also: PPFD.
Drip irrigation (cultivation) An automated watering system that delivers nutrient solution directly to each plant's root zone through tubing and emitters. Standard in commercial grows for precision and labor efficiency.
Dry trim (cultivation) Trimming fan leaves and sugar leaves from cannabis after the plant has been dried, rather than immediately at harvest (wet trim). Dry trimming is generally considered to produce better quality because slower drying preserves terpenes. See also: wet trim.
Ebb and flow (cultivation) A hydroponic system that periodically floods the grow tray with nutrient solution then drains it back to a reservoir. Provides excellent root oxygenation between flood cycles.
PPFD (cultivation) Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density -- a measurement of light intensity expressed in micromoles per square meter per second (umol/m2/s). Cannabis requires 200-400 PPFD during vegetative stage and 600-1000+ PPFD during flowering for optimal growth. PPFD is the professional metric for evaluating grow lights. See also: LED, HPS.
F1 (cultivation) The first filial generation -- the direct offspring of two distinct parent strains. F1 seeds tend to exhibit hybrid vigor (heterosis) but may show variation across the phenotypes. Breeders stabilize genetics through subsequent generations (F2, F3, etc.). See also: phenotype, breeder.
Fan leaf (cultivation) The large, iconic multi-fingered leaves on a cannabis plant. Fan leaves are the primary photosynthesis sites but contain minimal cannabinoids. Removed during trimming and sometimes during defoliation.
Feminized seed (cultivation) Seeds bred to produce only female plants (typically 99%+ female). Created by stressing a female plant to produce pollen (using colloidal silver or STS), then using that pollen on another female. Eliminates the need to identify and remove male plants. See also: regular seed, dioecious.
FIM (cultivation) "F***, I Missed" -- a training technique similar to topping where the growing tip is partially (about 80%) cut rather than fully removed. FIM can produce 3-8 new growth tips versus topping's 2. Results are less predictable but can increase bud sites. See also: topping.
Flush (cultivation) Synonymous with flushing -- watering with plain water before harvest to remove residual nutrients. Also refers to emergency flushing to correct nutrient lockout or salt buildup in the growing medium. See also: flushing.
Flushing (cultivation) Watering plants with plain, pH-balanced water (no nutrients) in the final 1-2 weeks before harvest. Intended to force the plant to use stored nutrients, producing cleaner-tasting flower. The effectiveness of flushing is debated but it remains standard practice.
Flowering stage (cultivation) The reproductive phase of the cannabis growth cycle when buds develop. Triggered by switching to a 12/12 light cycle (12 hours light, 12 hours dark) for photoperiod plants. Flowering typically lasts 8-12 weeks depending on genetics. See also: vegetative stage, photoperiod.
Foliar spray (cultivation) Applying nutrients, pesticides, or beneficial microbes directly to leaf surfaces via misting. Effective for quick nutrient uptake and pest control but should be avoided during late flowering to prevent residue on buds.
Fungus gnats (cultivation) Small flying insects whose larvae feed on cannabis roots, causing stunted growth and susceptibility to root disease. Among the most common indoor cannabis pests. Controlled with sticky traps (adults), beneficial nematodes (larvae), and proper watering practices (allowing soil to dry between waterings).
Full-term (cultivation) Allowing cannabis to complete its natural flowering cycle rather than harvesting early. Full-term flower typically has higher cannabinoid content, more amber trichomes, and a heavier body effect compared to early harvest.
Genotype (cultivation) The complete genetic makeup of a cannabis plant. While genotype determines potential traits, the actual expression depends on environmental factors (phenotype). Two clones share a genotype but can express differently under different conditions. See also: phenotype, cultivar.
Germination (cultivation) The process of a cannabis seed sprouting and beginning to grow. Common methods include the paper towel method, direct soil planting, and water soaking. Germination typically takes 24-72 hours.
Greenhouse (cultivation) A semi-enclosed growing facility using natural sunlight supplemented by artificial light and environmental controls. Greenhouses offer a middle ground between indoor (full control, high cost) and outdoor (low cost, limited control). Light dep greenhouses can achieve multiple harvests per year. See also: light dep, indoor grow, outdoor grow.
Growing medium (cultivation) The material in which cannabis roots grow. Includes soil, coco coir, rockwool, perlite, clay pebbles, and water (hydroponic). Medium choice affects watering frequency, nutrient management, and root health. See also: coco coir, living soil.
Harvest window (cultivation) The optimal timeframe for harvesting cannabis, determined by trichome color (clear to milky to amber). Harvesting during the right window maximizes potency and desired effects. Early harvest skews cerebral; late harvest skews sedative.
Heirloom (cultivation) A cannabis strain that has been cultivated for many generations in a specific region without hybridization. Heirloom strains are adapted to their local environment but may lack the potency or yield of modern hybrids. See also: landrace.
Hermaphrodite (cultivation) A cannabis plant that develops both male and female reproductive organs. Hermaphroditism can be genetic or stress-induced (light leaks, heat, nutrient deficiency). "Herming" pollinates nearby females, producing seeded flower. See also: dioecious.
Humidity (cultivation) The amount of water vapor in the air, measured as relative humidity (RH%). Cannabis requires different humidity levels at each growth stage: seedling/clone (65-80%), vegetative (50-70%), flowering (40-55%), late flower (30-40%). Excess humidity during flowering promotes mold and bud rot. See also: VPD.
HPS (cultivation) High Pressure Sodium -- a type of high-intensity discharge (HID) grow light that was the standard for cannabis flowering for decades. HPS produces a warm, orange-tinted spectrum ideal for flower development. Being rapidly replaced by LED in commercial operations due to LED's superior efficiency and lower heat output. See also: LED.
Hybrid vigor (cultivation) Also called heterosis -- the tendency of F1 hybrid offspring to exhibit greater size, vigor, yield, or resilience than either parent strain. Hybrid vigor is why breeders cross different genetics. The effect diminishes in subsequent generations (F2, F3). See also: F1.
Hydroponics (cultivation) Growing cannabis without soil, using nutrient-rich water solutions. Encompasses multiple methods (DWC, ebb and flow, NFT, drip). Hydroponic grows offer faster growth and precise nutrient control but require more technical expertise. See also: deep water culture, aeroponics.
Indoor grow (cultivation) Cannabis cultivated in a fully enclosed, climate-controlled facility using artificial lighting (LED or HPS). Indoor grows offer complete environmental control and produce the highest-quality flower but have the highest production costs (electricity, HVAC). Indoor flower commands premium pricing. See also: outdoor grow, light dep.
Indica (cultivation) One of the three traditional cannabis subspecies classifications, characterized by short, bushy plants with broad leaves and shorter flowering times. The industry uses indica to signal relaxing, sedative effects, though research shows terpene and cannabinoid profiles are more accurate predictors of effects than indica/sativa classification. See also: sativa, hybrid, cultivar. See also: terpenes.md.
Integrated pest management (IPM) (cultivation) A holistic approach to pest control that combines biological controls (beneficial insects), cultural practices (sanitation, environmental control), and targeted treatments. IPM minimizes pesticide use, which is critical for passing state testing requirements. See also: coa-testing.md.
Internode (cultivation) The space between two nodes (branch/leaf attachment points) on a cannabis stem. Short internodal spacing produces compact, bushy plants; long spacing (stretching) indicates insufficient light. Internode length affects final bud structure.
Irrigation (cultivation) The system and schedule for delivering water and nutrients to cannabis plants. Precision irrigation (timing, volume, runoff percentage) is a key variable in crop steering and directly impacts yield and quality. See also: crop steering, drip irrigation.
Landrace (cultivation) A cannabis strain that evolved naturally in a specific geographic region over hundreds of years. Examples include Hindu Kush (Afghanistan), Durban Poison (South Africa), and Thai (Thailand). Landrace strains are the genetic ancestors of all modern cultivars. See also: heirloom.
Larf (cultivation) Small, airy, underdeveloped buds that form on the lower branches of a cannabis plant where light penetration is insufficient. Larf is generally low-quality and is removed during trimming. Training and lollipoping reduce larf production. See also: lollipoping.
LED (cultivation) Light Emitting Diode -- the dominant lighting technology in modern cannabis cultivation. LEDs offer high efficiency (2+ umol/J), tunable spectrum, low heat output, and long lifespan compared to HPS. Samsung LM301B and LM301H diodes are the industry standard for commercial cannabis LEDs.
LST (cultivation) Low-Stress Training -- bending and tying down cannabis branches to create a more horizontal, even canopy without cutting the plant. LST increases light exposure to lower bud sites, improving overall yield. Less stressful than topping or supercropping. See also: training.
Light cycle (cultivation) The daily schedule of light and dark periods in a grow room. Vegetative growth uses 18/6 (18 hours light, 6 dark); flowering is triggered by 12/12. Autoflowers are typically grown under 18/6 or 20/4 throughout their lifecycle. See also: photoperiod.
Light dep (cultivation) Short for "light deprivation" -- a greenhouse technique that uses automated blackout tarps to control the light cycle, triggering flowering in outdoor or greenhouse plants. Light dep allows multiple outdoor harvests per year and is cost-effective compared to full indoor cultivation.
Living soil (cultivation) A soil ecosystem rich in beneficial microorganisms, fungi (mycorrhizae), and organic matter that provides nutrients to plants naturally. Living soil reduces the need for synthetic fertilizers and is central to organic cannabis cultivation. See also: compost tea, no-till.
Light burn (cultivation) Damage to the upper leaves and buds of a cannabis plant caused by excessive light intensity or too-close proximity to grow lights. Symptoms include bleached, white, or yellow leaves at the canopy top. Light burn is distinguished from nutrient burn (which starts at leaf tips on all levels). See also: LED, HPS.
Lollipoping (cultivation) Removing lower growth and small bud sites from the bottom third of a cannabis plant so the plant directs energy to the top colas. Reduces "larf" (small, airy buds) and improves overall flower quality. See also: defoliation.
Machine trim (cultivation) Using automated trimming machines to remove leaves from harvested cannabis buds. Machine trimming is faster and cheaper than hand trimming but can damage trichomes and reduce bag appeal. Most commercial operations use machine trim for mid-tier product and hand trim for premium. See also: dry trim, wet trim.
Mainlining (cultivation) A training technique that creates a symmetrical manifold of branches from the main stem, resulting in 8-16 evenly sized colas. Requires topping twice and careful tying. Produces very uniform flower but extends vegetative time.
Mother plant (cultivation) A female cannabis plant kept permanently in vegetative state (18+ hours of light) to provide clones. Mother plants must be healthy and true to the desired genetics. Commercial operations maintain mother rooms with their best genetics. See also: clone.
Microclimate (cultivation) A localized area within a grow room with different environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, airflow) than the surrounding space. Microclimates develop around dense canopy areas, near walls, or under inadequate air circulation. Managing microclimates prevents mold and uneven development.
Mycorrhizae (cultivation) Beneficial fungi that form symbiotic relationships with cannabis root systems, dramatically increasing nutrient and water uptake. Mycorrhizal inoculants are commonly added to soil and growing media. See also: living soil.
NFT (cultivation) Nutrient Film Technique -- a hydroponic method where a thin film of nutrient solution continuously flows over the roots in a sloped channel. NFT provides excellent oxygenation and nutrient delivery but is vulnerable to pump failures. Less common than DWC in cannabis. See also: hydroponics.
Node (cultivation) The point on a cannabis stem where branches and leaves attach. Nodes are where new growth emerges and where topping and training techniques are applied. See also: internode, topping.
No-till (cultivation) A cultivation method where soil is never disturbed after initial preparation. Layers of mulch and compost are added on top (top dressing) while the soil food web handles nutrient cycling. Produces exceptionally flavorful flower when done well. See also: living soil.
Nutrient burn (cultivation) Leaf damage (brown, crispy tips) caused by excess fertilizer concentration. Common in hydroponic systems where nutrient levels are easy to overshoot. Distinguished from light burn (which affects the tops first) and pH lockout (which shows as deficiency).
Nutrient lockout (cultivation) A condition where nutrients are present in the growing medium but unavailable to the plant, typically caused by incorrect pH. The plant shows deficiency symptoms despite adequate feeding. Correcting pH and flushing the medium usually resolves lockout. See also: pH.
Outdoor grow (cultivation) Cannabis cultivated in natural sunlight without artificial lighting or climate control. Outdoor grows have the lowest production costs but are subject to weather, pests, and seasonal limitations (one harvest per year in most climates). Outdoor flower is typically priced lower than indoor. See also: light dep.
Perlite (cultivation) Expanded volcanic glass used as a soil amendment to improve drainage and aeration. Mixed with soil or coco coir at 10-30% ratios. White, lightweight, and essentially inert. See also: growing medium.
Pheno hunt (cultivation) The process of growing multiple seeds of the same strain and selecting the individual plant (phenotype) with the best combination of traits (potency, terpene profile, yield, structure, bag appeal). Pheno hunting is how breeders and cultivators find their best genetics. See also: phenotype.
pH (cultivation) A measure of acidity/alkalinity in the growing medium and nutrient solution. Cannabis absorbs nutrients optimally in soil at pH 6.0-7.0 and in hydro at pH 5.5-6.5. pH imbalance is one of the most common causes of nutrient deficiency symptoms.
Phenotype (cultivation) The observable physical characteristics (appearance, smell, yield, potency) of a cannabis plant resulting from the interaction between genetics and environment. Growers "pheno hunt" by growing multiple seeds of the same strain to find the best phenotype. See also: genotype, cultivar.
Pheno selection (cultivation) The process of evaluating and choosing the best phenotype from a batch of seeds based on desired traits (potency, terpene profile, yield, structure, disease resistance). Also called "pheno hunting." Selected phenotypes become the mother plants for future clone production. See also: pheno hunt, mother plant.
Photoperiod (cultivation) A cannabis plant that requires specific light cycle changes to trigger flowering (typically switching from 18/6 to 12/12). Most commercial cannabis is photoperiod. The term also refers to the light schedule itself. See also: autoflower, light cycle.
Pistil (cultivation) The hair-like reproductive structures on female cannabis flowers, initially white and darkening to orange/red/brown as the plant matures. Pistil color is one indicator of harvest readiness but less reliable than trichome inspection.
Powdery mildew (PM) (cultivation) A common fungal disease appearing as white, powder-like patches on cannabis leaves and stems. Thrives in high humidity with poor airflow. PM can spread rapidly through a canopy and render affected flower unsellable. Prevention (environmental control, air circulation, resistant genetics) is far more effective than treatment.
PPM (cultivation) Parts per million -- a measurement of dissolved nutrient concentration in water. Used alongside EC (electrical conductivity) to monitor and adjust nutrient solution strength. Seedlings need ~200-400 ppm; flowering plants may need 800-1200+ ppm.
Regular seed (cultivation) Cannabis seeds that can produce either male or female plants (roughly 50/50). Used by breeders who need male pollen for crosses. Home growers and commercial operations typically prefer feminized seeds to avoid males. See also: feminized seed.
Reverse osmosis (RO) (cultivation) A water purification method that forces water through a semipermeable membrane to remove dissolved minerals, chlorine, and contaminants. RO water provides a clean baseline for precise nutrient mixing. Common in commercial grows but requires adding back calcium and magnesium. See also: calcium deficiency.
Revegetation (cultivation) Returning a harvested cannabis plant to vegetative growth by changing the light cycle back to 18/6 and leaving lower growth intact. Revegetation ("re-vegging") allows a second (or third) harvest from the same plant. Useful for preserving a unique phenotype that wasn't cloned before flowering.
Rockwool (cultivation) A growing medium made from spun basite rock fibers, commonly used in hydroponic cannabis cultivation. Provides excellent water retention and root support. Must be pH-adjusted before use (naturally alkaline).
Ruderalis (cultivation) A cannabis subspecies originating from Central Asia and Russia that flowers based on age (autoflowering) rather than light cycle. Low THC content naturally, but crossed with indica/sativa genetics to create autoflowering hybrids with commercial potency. See also: autoflower.
Runoff (cultivation) The excess nutrient solution that drains out the bottom of a growing container after watering. Measuring runoff EC and pH helps diagnose root zone conditions. Recommended runoff is typically 10-20% of input volume to prevent salt buildup.
Sativa (cultivation) One of the three traditional cannabis subspecies classifications, characterized by tall, thin plants with narrow leaves and longer flowering times. The industry uses sativa to signal energizing, uplifting effects, though research shows terpene and cannabinoid profiles are more accurate predictors of effects than indica/sativa classification. See also: indica, hybrid, cultivar. See also: terpenes.md.
SCROG (cultivation) Screen of Green -- a training method using a horizontal net or screen to create an even canopy by weaving branches through the mesh. SCROG maximizes light efficiency and is popular in small-space grows. See also: SOG, training.
SOG (cultivation) Sea of Green -- a cultivation method that packs many small plants closely together, flowering them early to create a "sea" of single-cola plants. Maximizes space efficiency and shortens vegetative time. See also: SCROG.
Strain (cultivation) The common industry term for a named cannabis variety (technically, "cultivar" is more accurate). Strain names serve as the primary search and identification method across the industry -- from dispensary menus to migration data. See also: cultivar, phenotype.
Sugar leaf (cultivation) Small leaves that grow from within cannabis buds and are covered in trichomes (appearing "sugary"). Sugar leaves are removed during trimming but are valuable for extract production due to their trichome content. See also: trim, fan leaf.
Spider mites (cultivation) Tiny arachnid pests (Tetranychus urticae) that feed on cannabis leaves, leaving small white dots (stippling) and fine webbing. Spider mites reproduce rapidly and can devastate a grow in days. One of the most common and destructive cannabis pests. See also: integrated pest management.
Stretch (cultivation) The rapid vertical growth that occurs during the first 2-3 weeks after switching to a flowering light cycle. Cannabis plants can double or triple in height during the stretch period. Growers must account for stretch when managing canopy height and light distance.
Supercropping (cultivation) A high-stress training technique where stems are bent and partially crushed to create a knuckle that strengthens the branch and redirects growth hormones. Done during vegetative stage to improve canopy structure.
Terpene (cultivation) Aromatic compounds produced in cannabis trichomes that give each cultivar its distinctive smell and flavor. Terpenes also influence effects and contribute to the entourage effect. Over 200 terpenes have been identified in cannabis. See also: terpenes.md.
Thrips (cultivation) Tiny, slender insects (order Thysanoptera) that feed on cannabis leaves, causing silvery spots and stippling damage. Thrips reproduce rapidly and can also vector plant viruses. Controlled through beneficial insects (predatory mites), spinosad, or neem oil. See also: integrated pest management.
Tissue culture (cultivation) A propagation technique where plant cells are grown in a sterile, nutrient-rich medium to produce genetically identical clones. Tissue culture preserves genetics long-term, produces disease-free stock, and scales propagation far beyond traditional cloning. Gaining adoption in large commercial operations.
Topping (cultivation) Cutting the main stem tip to force the plant to grow two new main branches. Topping is the foundational training technique -- it creates bushier plants with more bud sites. Usually done once or twice during vegetative growth. See also: mainlining, FIM.
Top dressing (cultivation) Applying dry amendments (compost, worm castings, kelp meal, bone meal) to the surface of the growing medium rather than mixing them in. Top dressing is the primary feeding method in no-till and living soil cultivation. Nutrients break down slowly as they are worked into the soil by microbial activity. See also: living soil, no-till.
Training (cultivation) Any technique used to manipulate cannabis plant shape and growth patterns. Includes low-stress training (LST -- bending and tying), high-stress training (HST -- topping, supercropping), and screen methods (SCROG, SOG). Training maximizes yield per square foot.
Transplanting (cultivation) Moving a cannabis plant from a smaller container to a larger one. Typically done 1-3 times during the growth cycle (seedling to 1-gallon, then to final pot). Timing matters -- transplant shock can stunt growth if done poorly.
Transplant shock (cultivation) Stress-induced slowdown in growth following transplanting, caused by root disturbance, environmental change, or handling damage. Symptoms include wilting, stunted growth, and yellowing. Minimized by careful handling, proper acclimation, and using mycorrhizal inoculants during transplanting. See also: acclimation.
Trichome (cultivation) Mushroom-shaped resin glands on cannabis flowers and sugar leaves that produce cannabinoids and terpenes. Trichome color under magnification (clear, milky, amber) is the most reliable indicator of harvest readiness. See also: harvest window.
VPD (cultivation) Vapor Pressure Deficit -- the difference between the air's moisture content and its maximum capacity at a given temperature. VPD is the professional metric for managing humidity and transpiration in cannabis grows. Optimal VPD ranges change by growth stage.
Vegetative stage (cultivation) The growth phase before flowering when cannabis plants develop stems, branches, and leaves. Under 18+ hours of light, photoperiod plants remain vegetative indefinitely. Vegetative stage length directly impacts final plant size. See also: flowering stage.
Vermiculite (cultivation) A mineral growing medium amendment that retains water and nutrients while improving soil aeration. Often mixed with perlite -- vermiculite holds water (good for moisture retention) while perlite drains it (good for aeration). Used in seed starting and soil mixes.
Wet trim (cultivation) Trimming leaves from cannabis immediately after harvest, while the plant is still fresh. Wet trimming is faster (especially with machine trimmers) but can reduce terpene preservation compared to dry trimming. See also: dry trim.
Water pH (cultivation) The acidity or alkalinity of the water and nutrient solution fed to cannabis plants. Different from growing medium pH. Cannabis performs best with input water pH of 5.8-6.5 (hydro) or 6.0-7.0 (soil). Many tap water sources need pH adjustment before use. See also: pH.
Wilt (cultivation) Drooping of cannabis leaves and stems, typically caused by underwatering, overwatering, heat stress, or root issues. Proper diagnosis requires checking soil moisture, temperature, and root health since the visual symptom is the same across multiple causes.
Yield (cultivation) The total amount of usable cannabis flower harvested from a grow, measured in grams or pounds per plant, per square foot, or per light. Indoor yields average 1-2 lbs per 1000W light; outdoor plants can produce several pounds each. Yield is the primary efficiency metric for cultivators.
Whitefly (cultivation) Small, white-winged insects that feed on cannabis leaf undersides, excreting honeydew that promotes mold growth. Whiteflies weaken plants and can spread plant viruses. Controlled with yellow sticky traps, beneficial insects (Encarsia formosa), and neem-based sprays. See also: integrated pest management.
Zinc deficiency (cultivation) A common cannabis nutrient deficiency characterized by yellowing between leaf veins, stunted new growth, and small leaves. Zinc is essential for enzyme production and hormone regulation. Usually caused by high pH locking out zinc in the root zone. See also: pH.
Processing & Extraction
Activated carbon (processing) A highly porous form of carbon used as a filtration medium in CRC and other remediation processes. Activated carbon adsorbs pigments, off-flavors, and some contaminants from cannabis extracts. Also used in grow room carbon filters. See also: CRC.
Agitation (processing) The mechanical action of stirring, shaking, or vibrating cannabis material during extraction. In bubble hash production, agitation breaks trichome heads from plant material. Over-agitation introduces plant contamination; under-agitation leaves yield on the table.
BHO (processing) Butane Hash Oil -- a cannabis concentrate produced by using butane as a solvent to strip cannabinoids and terpenes from plant material. BHO is the foundation for many concentrate forms (shatter, budder, sauce). Requires extensive post-processing to purge residual solvents. See also: CRC, purging.
Bentonite clay (processing) A naturally occurring clay mineral used as a filtration medium in CRC to remove pigments and impurities from cannabis extracts. Bentonite is one of several media layered in CRC columns alongside silica and activated carbon.
Blasting (processing) Slang for the extraction step in BHO production where butane is pushed through a tube of cannabis material. Also called "running" material. Commercial blasting uses closed-loop systems; open blasting is illegal in all regulated markets due to explosion risk.
Bubble hash (processing) A solventless concentrate made by agitating cannabis in ice water, then filtering through progressively finer mesh bags (25-220 micron). The ice causes trichome heads to break off and pass through the screens. High-quality bubble hash is rated by melt quality (full melt = highest grade). See also: ice water extraction, rosin.
Botanical terpenes (BDT) (processing) Terpenes sourced from non-cannabis plants (lavender, citrus, pine, etc.) used to add flavor and aroma to distillate and other refined products. BDT is cheaper than cannabis-derived terpenes (CDT) but considered less authentic by connoisseurs. See also: terpene reintroduction, terpenes.md.
Butane (processing) A hydrocarbon solvent used in BHO extraction. N-butane is preferred for its selectivity in pulling cannabinoids and terpenes while leaving behind chlorophyll and waxes. Residual butane in finished products must test below state limits (typically <5000 ppm). See also: BHO, residual solvent.
Chromatography (processing) A separation technique used to isolate specific cannabinoids from crude extract. Flash chromatography and preparative HPLC are used commercially to produce high-purity isolates (CBD, CBG, CBN). Also the basis for CRC remediation. See also: CRC, isolate.
Cannabis-derived terpenes (CDT) (processing) Terpenes extracted from cannabis plants and reintroduced into refined products like distillate. CDT preserves strain-specific flavor profiles and is considered premium over botanical terpenes (BDT). Commands a significant price premium in the concentrate market. See also: terpene reintroduction, terpenes.md.
Closed-loop extraction (processing) An extraction system where the solvent (butane, propane, CO2) is fully contained and recycled within the equipment. Required by all state regulations for hydrocarbon extraction. Prevents solvent release into the environment and eliminates explosion risk of open blasting.
CO2 extraction (processing) Using supercritical or subcritical carbon dioxide as a solvent to extract cannabinoids and terpenes. CO2 is tunable (different pressures and temperatures pull different compounds), produces clean extracts, and leaves no toxic residual solvents. Produces a waxy crude that requires further refinement. See also: supercritical.
Cold cure (processing) Curing rosin or hash at low temperatures (typically 50-70 degrees F) over days to weeks, allowing the consistency to change from sappy to a more buttery or batter-like texture. Cold curing preserves terpenes better than warm curing.
Concentrate (processing) Any cannabis product created by extracting and concentrating cannabinoids and terpenes from plant material. Umbrella term for all extracts -- BHO, CO2 oil, rosin, hash, distillate, etc. Concentrates typically range from 50-95% total cannabinoid content. See also: extract.
CRC (processing) Color Remediation Chromatography -- a filtration technique using various media (activated carbon, silica, bentonite clay, diatomaceous earth) to remove dark pigments, impurities, and off-flavors from extracts. CRC can make low-quality extract look premium, which is controversial. See also: remediation.
Crude oil (processing) The raw, unrefined extract produced by initial extraction (BHO, CO2, ethanol). Crude oil contains cannabinoids, terpenes, fats, waxes, and chlorophyll. It must undergo further refinement (winterization, distillation) before becoming a finished product. See also: winterization, distillation.
Cryogenic extraction (processing) Extraction performed at extremely cold temperatures (below -40 degrees F) to preserve terpenes and prevent the extraction of fats and waxes. Cryogenic methods produce higher-quality crude that requires less post-processing. See also: live resin.
Crystalline (processing) A form of cannabis concentrate where cannabinoids (typically THCa or CBD) form visible crystal structures through controlled precipitation. "Diamonds" are the most common crystalline product. See also: diamond mining, isolate.
Decarboxylation (processing) The chemical process of removing a carboxyl group from cannabinoid acids (THCa becomes THC, CBDa becomes CBD) through heat. Decarboxylation "activates" cannabinoids -- raw cannabis contains acid forms that are non-intoxicating until heated. The THCa-to-THC conversion factor is 0.877. See also: cannabinoids.md.
Defatting (processing) Removing fats and lipids from cannabis extract, often used interchangeably with dewaxing. Defatting can be performed using cold ethanol washes or inline during cryogenic extraction. Cleaner extracts require less post-processing. See also: dewaxing, winterization.
Dewaxing (processing) Removing plant waxes, lipids, and fats from cannabis extract. Can be done inline during extraction (using sub-zero temperatures) or post-extraction via winterization. Dewaxed concentrates have better clarity and smoother vapor.
Diamond mining (processing) A post-processing technique where THCa or CBD crystallizes out of a terpene-rich solution over weeks under controlled conditions. The result is "diamonds" (crystals) sitting in "sauce" (terpene liquid). Mining produces some of the highest-potency and most flavorful concentrates. See also: sauce, diamonds.
Distillate (processing) A highly refined cannabis oil produced through short-path or wiped-film distillation. Distillate is typically 85-95% pure cannabinoid (usually THC or CBD) with most terpenes, flavors, and other compounds removed. Used as the base oil for vape cartridges, edibles, and tinctures. See also: short-path distillation.
Dry sift (processing) A solventless extraction method where dried cannabis is gently agitated over fine mesh screens to separate trichome heads from plant material. Simpler than bubble hash but typically lower purity. Quality depends on screen micron size and technique.
Emulsification (processing) The process of mixing cannabis oil with water using surfactants to create a stable, uniform suspension. Emulsification is essential for cannabis beverages and water-soluble products. See also: nano-emulsion.
Encapsulation (processing) Enclosing cannabis oil in a protective coating (gelatin, vegetarian capsules, or microencapsulation) for oral delivery. Encapsulation protects cannabinoids from degradation, masks taste, and enables controlled release. Used in capsules, soft gels, and some advanced edible formulations.
Ethanol extraction (processing) Using food-grade ethanol (grain alcohol) as a solvent to extract cannabinoids. Ethanol is less selective than butane -- it pulls chlorophyll and waxes along with cannabinoids, requiring extensive post-processing. Common for large-scale crude production intended for distillation.
Extract (processing) Broadly, any product where cannabinoids have been separated from plant material. Often used interchangeably with "concentrate," though some distinguish extract (solvent-based) from concentrate (including solventless methods like rosin and hash). See also: concentrate.
Flash freezing (processing) Immediately freezing freshly harvested cannabis (within minutes of cutting) using dry ice, liquid nitrogen, or commercial blast freezers. Flash freezing preserves the complete terpene and cannabinoid profile. Required for "live" products (live resin, live rosin). See also: live resin.
Fractional distillation (processing) Distilling cannabis oil in multiple passes at different temperatures to separate individual compounds. Allows isolation of specific cannabinoids or terpene fractions. More precise than single-pass distillation but slower and more equipment-intensive.
Fresh frozen (processing) Cannabis that was flash frozen immediately after harvest without drying or curing. Fresh frozen material is the starting input for live resin, live rosin, and other "live" products. Preserves volatile terpenes that would otherwise evaporate during drying.
Freeze drying (processing) Using a lyophilizer (freeze dryer) to remove moisture from bubble hash through sublimation (ice to vapor, bypassing liquid). Freeze drying preserves terpenes and produces a dry, crumbly hash that is easier to press into rosin. Considered essential for premium hash production.
Full melt (processing) The highest quality grade of bubble hash or dry sift -- concentrate that melts completely when heated, leaving zero residue. Full melt hash is rated on a 1-6 star system, with 5-6 stars being full melt. Indicates nearly pure trichome heads with no plant contamination.
HTFSE (processing) High Terpene Full Spectrum Extract -- a concentrate specifically processed to preserve the maximum terpene content alongside a full cannabinoid profile. HTFSE is the formal name for what consumers call "terp sauce." Typically 13-40% terpene content. See also: sauce, terp sauce.
Hash (processing) One of the oldest cannabis concentrates, made by separating trichomes from plant material through mechanical means (pressing, sieving, or ice water). Modern hash includes bubble hash, dry sift, and temple ball hash. See also: bubble hash, rosin.
Hydrocarbon extraction (processing) Extraction using hydrocarbon solvents, primarily butane and propane (or blends). Hydrocarbon extraction is the dominant method for producing dabbable concentrates (shatter, budder, live resin, diamonds). Requires closed-loop equipment. See also: BHO, closed-loop extraction.
Ice water extraction (processing) The formal name for the bubble hash process -- agitating cannabis material in ice water to separate trichomes, then collecting them through progressively finer filter bags. The "ice wax" result is a premium solventless product. See also: bubble hash.
Infusion (processing) The process of incorporating cannabis extract into a carrier product -- butter, oil, chocolate, beverage, topical cream, etc. Infusion method and evenness directly affect product consistency and dosing accuracy. See also: homogeneity, nano-emulsion.
Isolate (processing) The purest form of a single cannabinoid, typically a white crystalline powder at 95-99.9% purity. CBD isolate is the most common, but THC, CBG, and CBN isolates also exist. Isolates contain zero other cannabinoids, terpenes, or plant compounds. See also: cannabinoids.md.
Jacketing (processing) A heating/cooling system built into extraction equipment where a secondary fluid (glycol, water) circulates in an outer jacket to precisely control the temperature of the extraction vessel. Critical for both cryogenic and supercritical processes.
Kief (processing) The dry, powdery trichomes that accumulate at the bottom of grinders or are separated via dry sifting. Kief is essentially unrefined dry sift and can be pressed into hash, sprinkled on flower, or further processed. See also: dry sift, trichome.
Live extraction (processing) Any extraction process that uses fresh frozen cannabis (rather than dried/cured material) as the starting input. "Live" products preserve the full terpene profile as it existed on the living plant. Commands a significant price premium. See also: fresh frozen, live resin.
Lipid (processing) Fats, waxes, and oils naturally present in cannabis plant material that are co-extracted along with cannabinoids. Lipids must be removed through winterization or dewaxing to produce clean, dabbable concentrates. Excessive lipids cause harsh vapor and cloudy appearance. See also: winterization, dewaxing.
Mechanical separation (processing) Any method of separating trichomes from cannabis without solvents -- includes dry sifting, bubble hash, and pollen pressing. Mechanical/solventless methods are perceived as more "natural" and often command premium prices.
Micron (processing) A unit of measurement (one millionth of a meter) used to describe screen/filter mesh sizes in hash production. Common mesh sizes: 25-micron (finest, purest heads), 73-micron (sweet spot for full melt), 90-120 micron (good yield, moderate purity), 220-micron (work bag, catches plant matter). See also: bubble hash.
Nano-emulsion (processing) A process that breaks cannabis oil into tiny particles (typically under 100 nanometers) suspended in water, dramatically improving bioavailability and onset speed. Used in cannabis beverages and fast-acting edibles. Nano-emulsified THC can take effect in 10-15 minutes vs 60-90 for traditional edibles.
Nug run (processing) An extraction using whole flower buds rather than trim or shake as the starting material. Nug runs produce higher-quality concentrates with better flavor and potency compared to trim runs. Products made from nug runs command premium prices. See also: trim run.
Open blasting (processing) An illegal and extremely dangerous extraction method where butane is pushed through cannabis in an open (non-sealed) system, allowing solvent vapors to escape. Open blasting has caused numerous explosions and fires. Banned in all regulated cannabis markets. See also: closed-loop extraction.
Propane extraction (processing) Using propane as a solvent, often blended with butane (70/30 or similar). Propane runs at higher pressure than butane, producing different terpene and cannabinoid profiles. Propane-heavy blends tend to create wetter, saucier textures. See also: BHO, hydrocarbon extraction.
Pressing (processing) Applying heat and pressure to cannabis flower or hash to produce rosin. Pressing is the core step in solventless rosin production. Variables include temperature (170-220 degrees F), pressure (500-2000+ PSI), and press time (30 seconds to 3 minutes). See also: rosin.
Purging (processing) The post-extraction process of removing residual solvent from a cannabis concentrate. Typically done in a vacuum oven at controlled temperatures. Incomplete purging results in product that fails residual solvent testing. See also: residual solvent.
Remediation (processing) The process of fixing cannabis material or extract that failed testing. Common remediation approaches include CRC for color/taste issues, re-distillation for potency, and solvent washes for pesticide removal. Some states allow remediation; others require destruction of failed product.
Recovery tank (processing) A vessel in a closed-loop extraction system that collects and stores solvent after it has passed through the cannabis material. The recovery tank allows solvent to be recycled for subsequent extraction runs. See also: closed-loop extraction, solvent recovery.
Refinement (processing) Any post-extraction process that increases the purity or quality of cannabis extract. Includes winterization, distillation, CRC, and crystallization. Each refinement step removes undesirable compounds but may also remove desirable ones (terpenes). The level of refinement determines the final product type.
Resin (processing) The sticky, trichome-rich substance produced by cannabis flowers. In processing context, "resin" can refer to the raw material being extracted or, colloquially, the residue left in pipes after smoking. Not to be confused with "live resin," which is a specific concentrate type. See also: trichome, live resin.
Rosin (processing) A solventless cannabis concentrate produced by applying heat and pressure to flower, hash, or kief. Rosin preserves the full-spectrum profile without any chemical solvents. Live rosin (pressed from fresh frozen bubble hash) is among the most premium concentrates available. See also: pressing, solventless.
Short-path distillation (processing) A distillation method using reduced pressure and short distance between the evaporation surface and condenser. Allows cannabinoid purification at lower temperatures, preserving quality. The primary method for producing cannabis distillate. See also: distillate.
Silica (processing) A filtration medium (silicon dioxide) used in CRC columns to remove pigments and chlorophyll from cannabis extracts. Different grades of silica (fine, coarse) are layered to achieve varying levels of filtration. See also: CRC.
Solvent recovery (processing) The process of recapturing and recycling solvents (butane, propane, ethanol) after extraction. Solvent recovery is essential for closed-loop operation efficiency and cost management. Recovery rates of 95%+ are standard in commercial operations.
Solventless (processing) Any extraction method that uses only heat, pressure, water, or mechanical agitation -- no chemical solvents. Includes rosin, bubble hash, dry sift, and kief. Solventless products are perceived as cleaner and more natural, often commanding price premiums. See also: rosin, bubble hash.
Subcritical extraction (processing) CO2 extraction at lower temperatures and pressures (below the supercritical point). Subcritical extraction is gentler, preserving more terpenes and heat-sensitive compounds, but produces lower yields than supercritical extraction.
Supercritical extraction (processing) CO2 extraction above the critical point (1071 PSI, 88 degrees F) where CO2 behaves as both liquid and gas. Supercritical CO2 is an excellent solvent for cannabinoids and produces clean crude. Higher yields than subcritical but may degrade some terpenes.
Temple ball (processing) A traditional form of hand-rolled hash originating from Nepal and India. Made by collecting and repeatedly pressing trichomes until they form a smooth, dark sphere. Modern temple balls are made from high-quality bubble hash. Considered an artisan product. See also: hash.
Terpene reintroduction (processing) Adding terpenes back into a concentrate (usually distillate) that lost its terpene content during refinement. Can use cannabis-derived terpenes (CDT) or botanical terpenes (BDT). CDT is considered premium; BDT is more affordable but less authentic. See also: terpenes.md.
Trim run (processing) An extraction using trim (leaves and small pieces) rather than whole flower as the starting material. Trim runs produce lower-quality extract but maximize value from material that would otherwise be waste. Products are typically priced lower than nug runs.
Vacuum oven (processing) A sealed oven that operates under reduced atmospheric pressure, allowing solvents to evaporate at lower temperatures. Essential for purging residual solvents from BHO concentrates without degrading cannabinoids or terpenes. See also: purging.
Wiped-film distillation (processing) A continuous-feed distillation method where a thin film of crude oil is spread across a heated surface by rotating wiper blades. More efficient than short-path for large-scale production, producing high-purity distillate in a single pass.
Warm cure (processing) Curing rosin or hash at elevated temperatures (typically 90-120 degrees F) to achieve a specific texture -- usually a sappier, more sauce-like consistency. Warm curing accelerates the curing process but can degrade some volatile terpenes compared to cold curing. See also: cold cure.
Water hash (processing) A synonym for bubble hash -- solventless concentrate made using ice water extraction. "Water hash" emphasizes the solvent-free nature (only water and ice) and is preferred terminology in some markets. Graded on a 1-6 star melt scale. See also: bubble hash, ice water extraction.
Winterization (processing) Mixing crude cannabis extract with ethanol and freezing it to precipitate out fats, waxes, and lipids, which are then filtered away. Winterization improves clarity, flavor, and smoothness of the final product. Standard step between crude extraction and distillation.
Whipping (processing) Agitating cannabis extract during or after purging to incorporate air and change its consistency from glassy (shatter) to creamy (budder/badder). Whipping is a controlled post-processing technique that determines the final product texture. See also: budder, badder.
Yield (extraction) (processing) The amount of concentrate produced relative to the starting material weight, expressed as a percentage. Typical yields: BHO from flower 15-25%, rosin from flower 15-20%, CO2 crude 10-18%, bubble hash from fresh frozen 3-8%. Higher yields do not necessarily mean better quality.
Product Types & Forms
Applicator (product) A syringe-like device pre-filled with cannabis oil (typically RSO or distillate) that allows precise dosing. Applicators dispense measured amounts for oral consumption, adding to food, or applying to skin. Common in medical markets. See also: RSO.
Badder (product) A cannabis concentrate with a soft, cake batter-like consistency. Created through specific post-processing techniques (whipping or agitation) applied to BHO or rosin. Similar to budder but slightly wetter and less firm. See also: budder.
Bath bomb (product) A cannabis-infused effervescent ball that dissolves in bathwater, delivering cannabinoids through the skin. A topical product category growing in wellness markets. THC bath bombs do not produce intoxication -- skin absorption limits systemic effects.
Beverage (product) A cannabis-infused drink -- sodas, seltzers, teas, coffees, juices, and waters. Cannabis beverages typically use nano-emulsification for faster onset (10-20 minutes). One of the fastest-growing product categories, especially low-dose (2.5-5mg THC) social-use products. See also: nano edible.
Blunt (product) Cannabis rolled in a tobacco leaf or cigar wrap. Blunts are larger than joints and include tobacco/nicotine from the wrap. Not typically sold in dispensaries (regulatory complications from mixing tobacco and cannabis) but ubiquitous in consumer culture.
Budder (product) A cannabis concentrate with a smooth, butter-like consistency achieved by whipping extract during purging. Budder has a creamy texture that is easy to handle for dabbing. Also spelled "butter" in some markets. See also: badder.
Bong (product) A water pipe used to filter and cool cannabis smoke through a water chamber before inhalation. Bongs (also called water pipes) are sold as accessories in dispensaries and smoke shops. Available in glass, silicone, and ceramic.
Broad-spectrum extract (product) A concentrate that retains multiple cannabinoids and terpenes but has THC specifically removed (typically to below detection limits). Broad-spectrum products offer some entourage effect benefits without THC exposure. Popular with consumers who want cannabinoid variety without any intoxication. See also: full-spectrum extract, isolate product.
Bubble hash (product) A solventless concentrate made by agitating cannabis in ice water and filtering through mesh screens. Graded on a 1-6 star scale based on melt quality. Premium bubble hash (5-6 stars) is the starting material for live rosin production. See also: Processing & Extraction.
Capsule (product) Cannabis extract enclosed in a gelatin or vegetarian capsule for oral consumption. Capsules offer precise dosing (typically 5-25mg THC per cap) and discreet consumption. Onset and duration similar to edibles (60-90 min onset, 4-8 hours). See also: edible.
Cartridge (product) A pre-filled container of cannabis oil designed for use with a vape battery/pen. Cartridges are the largest product category by revenue in most markets. Common formats: 510-thread (universal), proprietary pods (Pax, Stiiizy). Oil types include distillate, live resin, and rosin. See also: vape pen.
Caviar (product) Cannabis flower coated in concentrate oil and rolled in kief. Also called "moon rocks." Caviar is a premium novelty product with very high combined potency (often 50%+ total cannabinoids). See also: moon rocks.
Concentrate (product) Umbrella term for any product where cannabinoids have been extracted and concentrated. Includes shatter, wax, budder, sauce, diamonds, distillate, rosin, hash, and more. Concentrates range from 50-99% cannabinoid content. See also: Processing & Extraction.
Crumble (product) A dry, crumbly cannabis concentrate with a honeycomb-like texture. Created by purging BHO at specific temperatures and pressures. Easy to handle and dose but more prone to degradation from exposure to air. See also: wax.
Dab (product) A single serving of cannabis concentrate consumed by vaporizing on a heated surface (nail, banger, or e-rig). "Dabbing" is the consumption method. Also used loosely to refer to the concentrate itself. See also: Cannabis Slang.
Disposable (product) An all-in-one vape device with integrated battery and pre-filled cannabis oil that is discarded after use. Disposables require no charging or cartridge swapping, making them the most convenient vape format. Growing market share, especially in value and trial-size segments.
Diamonds (product) Crystalline THCa or CBD formations, often found in sauce. Diamonds are among the most potent products available (95-99% cannabinoid content for the crystal portion). Created through diamond mining or cold crash crystallization. See also: sauce, diamond mining.
Distillate (product) A highly purified cannabis oil, typically 85-95% THC or CBD. Nearly odorless and flavorless due to removal of terpenes during processing. The most common base oil for vape cartridges and edibles. See also: Processing & Extraction.
E-rig (product) An electronic dab rig that uses battery-powered heating elements instead of a traditional torch. E-rigs (like the Puffco Peak) offer precise temperature control, portability, and safer operation. Growing rapidly as a premium accessory category. See also: dab.
Edible (product) Any food or beverage product infused with cannabis extract. Edibles are metabolized through the liver (first-pass metabolism), converting THC to 11-hydroxy-THC, which is more potent and longer-lasting than inhaled THC. Onset: 30-90 minutes. Duration: 4-8 hours. See also: cannabinoids.md.
Flower (product) The dried, cured bud of the female cannabis plant -- the most traditional and widely consumed form of cannabis. Flower is sold by weight (grams, eighths, quarters, halves, ounces) and categorized by strain/cultivar. The largest product category by unit volume in most markets.
Full-spectrum extract (product) A concentrate that retains the complete range of cannabinoids, terpenes, flavonoids, and other plant compounds as they naturally occur in the cannabis plant. Full-spectrum products maximize the entourage effect. Contrasts with distillate (which isolates THC) and broad-spectrum (which removes THC). See also: entourage-effect.md.
Gummy (product) The dominant cannabis edible format -- a gelatin or pectin-based candy infused with cannabis extract. Gummies offer precise dosing, extended shelf life, and consumer familiarity. Available in a vast range of potencies (2.5-100mg), cannabinoid ratios, and formulations (nano, vegan, sugar-free). The single best-selling edible SKU type in most markets.
Hard candy (product) Cannabis-infused sugar candies (lollipops, drops, discs) that dissolve slowly in the mouth. Hard candies provide both oral and sublingual absorption as they dissolve. Long shelf life and easy dosing make them popular in medical markets. Lower calorie than gummies.
Grinder (product) A device used to break cannabis flower into a consistent, fine texture suitable for rolling, packing, or vaporizing. Multi-chamber grinders include a kief catcher that collects loose trichomes. Sold as a common accessory in dispensaries and smoke shops.
Hash (product) Compressed or collected trichome heads, one of the oldest cannabis products. Modern hash includes traditional pressed hash, bubble hash, and dry sift. Hash potency typically ranges from 30-60%. See also: bubble hash, rosin.
Hash hole (product) A premium pre-roll with a cylinder of hash or rosin inserted through the center of the ground flower, creating a hollow "hole" of concentrate that vaporizes as the joint burns. Hash holes are a trending artisan product format that commands ultra-premium pricing.
Infused pre-roll (product) A pre-rolled joint that includes cannabis concentrate (distillate, hash, kief, or rosin) added to or coating the flower. Infused pre-rolls are a premium subcategory with significantly higher potency than standard pre-rolls.
Inhaler (product) A metered-dose inhaler (similar to asthma inhalers) that delivers precise, measured puffs of cannabis extract. Inhalers provide fast onset, exact dosing, and a discreet, medical-friendly consumption format. Niche but growing in medical markets.
Joint (product) Cannabis flower rolled in thin paper, sometimes with a filter/crutch. Joints are the most iconic cannabis consumption format and a core dispensary product category. Sold individually or in multi-packs.
Kief (product) Loose trichome heads collected from ground cannabis, typically via a grinder's kief catcher or dry sifting. Can be consumed alone, added to flower, or pressed into hash. Potency ranges from 30-60% cannabinoids.
Live resin (product) A concentrate made from fresh frozen cannabis (never dried or cured), preserving the full terpene profile of the living plant. Live resin has intense flavor and aroma compared to concentrates made from dried material. Available in various consistencies (sauce, budder, sugar). See also: fresh frozen.
Live rosin (product) A premium solventless concentrate made by pressing bubble hash derived from fresh frozen cannabis. Considered the pinnacle of cannabis concentrates -- solventless, full-spectrum, and preserving the complete terpene profile. Typically the highest-priced concentrate category. See also: rosin, bubble hash.
Lozenge (product) A cannabis-infused dissolvable tablet or hard candy consumed orally. Lozenges dissolve slowly in the mouth, providing both sublingual absorption (faster onset) and traditional oral absorption. Popular in medical markets for discreet, precise dosing.
Lotion (product) A cannabis-infused topical applied to the skin for localized relief. Topical lotions do not produce psychoactive effects as cannabinoids remain in the skin layers. See also: topical, transdermal.
Moon rocks (product) Cannabis flower coated in concentrate and rolled in kief. Extremely potent novelty product. Also called "caviar." Difficult to break up in a grinder -- typically pulled apart by hand. See also: caviar.
Mini pre-roll (product) A smaller-format pre-roll (typically 0.3-0.5g) often sold in multi-packs. Mini pre-rolls (also called "dog walkers" or "shorties") cater to consumers who want a single-session, low-commitment smoke. One of the fastest-growing pre-roll subcategories.
Nano edible (product) An edible product using nano-emulsified cannabis oil for faster onset (10-20 minutes vs 60-90 for traditional edibles). Nano edibles have higher bioavailability, meaning lower doses produce comparable effects. Growing rapidly in the beverage and gummy categories. See also: nano-emulsion.
Mints (product) Cannabis-infused breath mint-style products, typically low-dose (2.5-5mg THC per mint). Mints are among the most discreet edible formats and popular with microdose consumers. Fast dissolving formulas provide partial sublingual absorption for quicker onset.
Multi-pack (product) Pre-rolls sold in packages of multiple units (typically 3, 5, or 10), often at a per-unit discount. Multi-packs are one of the fastest-growing product formats, especially mini pre-roll multi-packs for everyday consumers.
Oil (product) A general term for liquid cannabis extract. Can refer to many products -- CO2 oil, distillate, RSO, tincture, or crude oil -- depending on context. In retail, "oil" most commonly refers to vape cartridge oil or sublingual oil.
Patch (product) A cannabis-infused adhesive applied to the skin for sustained, controlled-release delivery of cannabinoids into the bloodstream. Transdermal patches bypass first-pass liver metabolism, providing consistent dosing over 8-12 hours. See also: transdermal.
Pipe (product) A handheld device for smoking cannabis flower, typically made of glass, metal, wood, or ceramic. Pipes are the simplest consumption device -- pack the bowl, light, inhale. Sold as accessories in dispensaries and smoke shops.
Pre-roll (product) A pre-made cannabis joint sold ready to smoke. Pre-rolls are a major dispensary category, ranging from budget (trim-based) to premium (small-batch flower, infused). Multi-packs and mini pre-rolls (0.3-0.5g) are growing segments.
Ratio product (product) A cannabis product formulated with a specific cannabinoid ratio (e.g., 1:1 THC:CBD, 5:1 CBD:THC, 3:1 THC:CBN). Ratio products target specific effects and are popular with medical patients and wellness consumers. Common ratios: 1:1 (balanced, mild psychoactivity), 20:1 CBD:THC (non-intoxicating), 2:1 THC:CBN (sleep). See also: cannabinoid ratio.
Pod (product) A proprietary vape cartridge format that connects to a specific battery system (e.g., Pax Era, Stiiizy). Pods create brand lock-in -- once a consumer buys the battery, they must purchase compatible pods. Higher margin for manufacturers than universal 510-thread cartridges.
Rick Simpson Oil (RSO) (product) A full-spectrum, high-potency cannabis oil originally developed by Rick Simpson for purported medicinal use. RSO is typically very dark (full plant extraction), consumed orally in small doses (rice-grain sized), and sold in syringes. See also: full-spectrum.
Rosin (product) A solventless concentrate made by pressing cannabis flower or hash with heat and pressure. Rosin retains the full cannabinoid and terpene profile. Available as flower rosin (pressed from dried bud) or hash rosin (pressed from bubble hash). See also: Processing & Extraction.
Sauce (product) A terpene-rich, viscous cannabis concentrate with a liquid or semi-liquid consistency. Often contains diamonds (THCa crystals) suspended in a terpene "sauce." Prized for intense flavor. See also: diamonds, diamond mining.
Shatter (product) A cannabis concentrate with a glass-like, translucent appearance that breaks (shatters) when handled. One of the earliest popular BHO forms. Shatter is falling out of favor in some markets as consumers shift to saucier, more terpene-rich products.
510-thread (product) The universal threading standard for vape cartridges and batteries, named for the 10 threads at 0.5mm pitch. 510-thread compatibility means any standard cartridge works with any standard battery, providing consumer flexibility. The dominant vape format, though proprietary pod systems (Pax, Stiiizy) are gaining share. See also: cartridge, pod.
Slab (product) A large, flat piece of cannabis concentrate (typically shatter or wax) before it is portioned into individual servings for retail sale. Slabs are the raw output from extraction, often weighing 10-50+ grams.
Sugar (product) A cannabis concentrate with a granular, sugar-like consistency. Created when cannabinoids begin to crystallize in a terpene-rich matrix. Live sugar (from fresh frozen material) is popular for its balance of flavor and potency.
Tablet (product) A cannabis-infused oral dosage form similar to a pharmaceutical tablet. Cannabis tablets offer precise dosing, long shelf life, and familiar consumption format for medical patients. Some dissolve sublingually for faster onset. See also: capsule.
Terp pearls (product) Small spheres (typically quartz, ruby, or silicon carbide) placed inside a dab rig banger that spin during inhalation, distributing concentrate evenly across the heated surface for more efficient vaporization. A popular accessory for concentrate enthusiasts that improves flavor and reduces waste.
Salve (product) A thick, ointment-like cannabis topical made with beeswax, coconut oil, or shea butter as a base. Salves are applied to specific areas for localized relief. Like other topicals, salves do not produce systemic psychoactive effects. See also: topical.
Sublingual strip (product) A thin, dissolvable film placed under the tongue that delivers cannabinoids through the mucous membranes. Sublingual strips offer fast onset (15-30 minutes), precise dosing, and extreme portability. See also: sublingual, tincture.
Suppository (product) A cannabis-infused product inserted rectally or vaginally for localized or systemic absorption. Used primarily for medical purposes -- patients who cannot inhale or consume orally. Bypasses first-pass metabolism when absorbed mucosally.
Tincture (product) A liquid cannabis extract, typically in an alcohol or MCT oil base, consumed sublingually (under the tongue) for faster absorption. Tinctures allow precise dosing via dropper and have faster onset (15-30 minutes) than edibles. See also: sublingual.
Topical (product) Any cannabis product applied to the skin surface -- lotions, balms, salves, bath bombs. Topicals provide localized effects without systemic absorption or psychoactivity. A distinct category from transdermal products which do enter the bloodstream. See also: transdermal.
Transdermal (product) A cannabis product designed to deliver cannabinoids through the skin into the bloodstream. Unlike topicals (which stay in the skin), transdermal products (patches, gels) produce systemic effects and can cause psychoactivity. See also: patch, topical.
Vape pen (product) A battery-powered device that heats cannabis oil to produce vapor for inhalation. Includes disposable (integrated battery and cartridge) and reusable (separate battery and cartridge) formats. The dominant vape format uses 510-thread cartridges. See also: cartridge.
Topical spray (product) A cannabis-infused spray applied directly to the skin for localized relief. Spray format allows quick, mess-free application compared to lotions and salves. Does not produce systemic psychoactive effects. See also: topical.
Vaporizer (product) A device that heats cannabis flower or concentrate to a temperature that produces vapor without combustion. Vaporizers offer a cleaner inhalation experience than smoking. Available as portable (handheld), desktop (tabletop), and pen-style formats. See also: vape pen.
Vape battery (product) A rechargeable lithium-ion battery that powers vape cartridges and pods. Standard 510-thread batteries are universal and work with most cartridges. Variable voltage batteries allow users to adjust temperature for different oil types. The battery is the reusable component of a vape system.
Wax (product) A broad term for cannabis concentrates with a soft, waxy consistency. Encompasses budder, badder, crumble, and similar textures. "Wax" is sometimes used generically to mean any dabbable concentrate.
Retail & Dispensary
AIT (retail) Average Item Total -- the mean number of distinct products per transaction. AIT tracks product diversity in customer baskets and helps dispensaries evaluate cross-selling effectiveness. Related to but distinct from basket size and AOV.
AOV (retail) Average Order Value -- the mean dollar amount per customer transaction. A key retail KPI. Cannabis dispensaries typically see AOV of $45-75 depending on market maturity and product mix. See also: basket size.
Basket size (retail) The number of items per transaction. Related to but distinct from AOV (which measures dollar amount). Increasing basket size through cross-selling and bundles is a primary retail strategy.
Budtender (retail) A dispensary employee who assists customers with product selection, provides product knowledge, and processes sales. Budtenders are the primary customer touchpoint and significantly influence purchasing decisions. Analogous to a bartender or retail associate.
BOGO (retail) Buy One, Get One -- the most common dispensary promotion format. BOGO deals drive traffic but compress margins. Often applied to slower-moving inventory or as a competitive response during price wars.
BYOC (Bring Your Own Cannabis) (retail) A consumption lounge model where patrons purchase cannabis elsewhere and bring it to consume on-site, paying a venue fee ("tokage") rather than buying cannabis at the lounge. Contrasted with retail-attached lounges where cannabis is purchased on-site. See also: tokage fee, consumption lounge.
Canna-curious (retail) A customer who is new to or exploring cannabis for the first time. Canna-curious consumers need more guidance, prefer low-dose products, and are a target demographic for dispensary education programs.
Budtender recommendation (retail) A product suggestion from a dispensary employee based on the customer's desired effects, consumption preference, tolerance level, and budget. Budtender recommendations significantly influence purchasing decisions and are a key differentiation point for dispensaries.
Cannabis Concierge (retail) A hospitality service that arranges cannabis-related experiences for hotel guests or tourists, including dispensary recommendations, private consumption sessions, and cannabis-paired dining. Common in mature tourism markets like Denver and Las Vegas. See also: cannabis-tourism.md.
Cannabis Sommelier (retail) A trained cannabis service professional who guides consumers through strain selection, consumption methods, and pairings -- analogous to a wine sommelier. Emerging role in consumption lounges combining budtender product knowledge with hospitality service skills. See also: budtender, consumption lounge.
Checkout flow (retail) The sequence of steps from product selection to completed sale at a dispensary POS. Includes product scanning, ID verification, payment processing, compliance label printing, and bagging. Efficient checkout flow directly impacts customer throughput and experience.
Compliance check (retail) A regulatory inspection of a dispensary's operations, records, inventory tracking, and adherence to state laws. Compliance checks can be scheduled or surprise. Failed checks can result in fines, suspension, or license revocation. See also: Metrc, seed-to-sale.
Cross-selling (retail) Recommending complementary products during a sale -- e.g., suggesting a grinder with flower, a battery with a cartridge, or edibles alongside a vape purchase. Effective cross-selling increases basket size and AOV. Budtenders are the primary cross-selling channel.
Consumption Lounge (retail) A licensed venue where consumers can purchase and/or consume cannabis products on-site. Models range from dispensary-attached retail lounges to standalone BYOC venues. Also called cannabis lounge, social consumption lounge, or cannabis cafe. See also: BYOC, tokage fee, consumption-lounges.md.
Consumption Monitor (retail) A staff role in consumption lounges responsible for observing patrons for signs of over-consumption, managing consumption limits, and initiating intervention protocols. Parallel to responsible alcohol service by bartenders. See also: consumption lounge, cannabis sommelier.
Curbside pickup (retail) A fulfillment model where customers order online and pick up at the dispensary without entering the store. Popularized during COVID and now a permanent feature of many dispensary operations. Requires real-time menu/inventory sync.
Customer retention (retail) Strategies and metrics around keeping existing customers returning to a dispensary. Cannabis has high churn rates -- loyalty programs, personalized recommendations, and consistent product quality are key retention tools.
Dab Bar (retail) A service station within a consumption lounge where consumers can purchase and consume cannabis concentrates (dabs) using professional-grade equipment operated by trained technicians. Equipment typically includes e-nails, dab rigs, or electronic devices like Puffco Peak. See also: dabbing, consumption lounge.
Daily deal (retail) A rotating promotional discount offered each day of the week (e.g., "Wax Wednesday," "Flower Friday"). Daily deals drive predictable traffic patterns and help move specific product categories. Nearly universal in competitive markets.
Delivery (retail) Licensed cannabis delivery service from dispensary to customer. Legal in some states (CA, OR, MI, etc.) with specific licensing requirements, vehicle requirements, and delivery zones. A growing channel that competes with in-store traffic.
Deli style (retail) A dispensary format where flower is displayed in open jars that customers can see and smell before purchasing. Contrasts with pre-packaged dispensary models. Deli style offers better customer experience but has compliance implications in some states.
Dispensary (retail) A licensed retail location authorized to sell cannabis products to consumers. Dispensaries can be medical-only, adult-use (recreational), or dual-license. The retail license is typically the most valuable and competitive cannabis license type. See also: license.
Drive-through (retail) A cannabis dispensary service window where customers can purchase without leaving their vehicle. Rare but legal in some jurisdictions. Requires specific compliance accommodations for ID verification and product handoff.
Dutchie (retail) A leading cannabis ecommerce and POS platform. Dutchie powers online menus, ordering, and checkout for many dispensaries. In migration contexts, Dutchie is a common source POS system for data exports. See also: POS.
Ecommerce (retail) Online ordering and menu display for cannabis dispensaries. Customers browse products online and either pick up in-store or receive delivery. Major platforms: Dutchie, Jane, and third-party marketplace platforms. Ecommerce typically accounts for 15-40% of dispensary orders.
Education program (retail) Dispensary-sponsored training for staff (budtender education) or events for customers (consumption workshops, product knowledge sessions). Education programs build brand loyalty, improve customer confidence, and differentiate dispensaries in competitive markets.
Eighth (retail) One-eighth of an ounce (3.5 grams) -- the most common unit of flower purchase at dispensaries. Pricing eighths competitively is a core retail strategy, as most customers benchmark dispensary value on eighth pricing. See also: unit of measure.
Express pickup (retail) An expedited in-store pickup lane for customers who ordered online. Reduces wait time and improves throughput during peak hours. Some dispensaries have dedicated express windows or counters.
First-time customer discount (retail) A standard dispensary promotion offering a percentage off (typically 10-20%) for first-time visitors. Universal across the industry and a key customer acquisition tool.
Happy hour (retail) Time-limited promotions during traditionally slower hours to drive traffic. Cannabis happy hours may offer percentage discounts, BOGO deals, or bonus loyalty points during specific windows.
Flowhub (retail) A cannabis POS and compliance platform providing point-of-sale, inventory management, and seed-to-sale integration for dispensaries. In migration contexts, Flowhub is a common source POS system for data exports. See also: POS.
Flower wall (retail) A display area in a dispensary showcasing flower jars, often backlit or elevated, serving as both merchandising and visual branding. Flower walls are a centerpiece of modern dispensary design, replacing the clinical display cases of early legal markets.
ID verification (retail) The mandatory process of checking government-issued identification at a dispensary to verify legal purchasing age (21+ for adult-use, state-specific for medical). Required at entry and often again at checkout. Digital ID verification is gaining adoption.
Iheartjane (retail) A cannabis ecommerce and data analytics platform (parent company of Jane). Provides online ordering, embedded menus, and product analytics for dispensaries. Also offers market data and consumer insights. See also: Jane.
Inventory management (retail) The system and processes for tracking cannabis inventory from receipt through sale. Cannabis inventory management must integrate with seed-to-sale tracking (Metrc, BioTrack) and is far more complex than general retail due to compliance requirements.
Jane (retail) A cannabis ecommerce platform that powers online ordering for dispensaries. Acquired by iheartjane. Similar to Dutchie in function. In migration contexts, Jane is a potential data source.
Kiosk (retail) A self-service ordering terminal in a dispensary where customers can browse the menu and place orders without budtender assistance. Kiosks reduce wait times and labor costs while improving order accuracy.
Last mile (retail) The final step of cannabis delivery from the dispensary or distribution hub to the consumer's door. Last-mile logistics are uniquely complex in cannabis due to ID verification at delivery, GPS tracking requirements, cash handling, and product security regulations.
Loyalty program (retail) A points-based or tiered rewards system for repeat dispensary customers. Loyalty programs are critical for retention in competitive markets. Common structures: points per dollar spent, redeemable for discounts. Some states restrict cannabis loyalty programs.
Blaze (retail) A cannabis POS and dispensary management platform providing compliance, inventory, and retail tools. In migration contexts, Blaze is a common source POS system for data exports. See also: POS.
Margin analysis (retail) The practice of tracking profit margins by product category, brand, and SKU to optimize product mix and pricing. Cannabis margin analysis must account for 280E tax impact, vendor discounts, and promotional pricing. Critical for sustainable dispensary operations.
Meadow (retail) A cannabis POS and dispensary management platform, primarily serving California dispensaries. In migration contexts, Meadow is a source POS system for data exports. See also: POS.
Menu board (retail) A digital or physical display showing current product availability, prices, and promotions at a dispensary. Digital menu boards sync with POS/inventory systems for real-time accuracy. Menu design significantly impacts purchasing behavior.
Online ordering (retail) The process of customers selecting cannabis products via a dispensary's website or app for pickup or delivery. Online orders must be verified against real-time inventory and held in compliance with state requirements.
Patient verification (retail) The process of confirming a medical cannabis patient's valid registration and recommendation. Required in medical-only and dual-license dispensaries. Typically involves checking a state registry database.
POS (retail) Point of Sale -- the hardware and software system used to process dispensary transactions. Cannabis POS systems (Treez, Dutchie, Meadow, Blaze, Flowhub) must integrate with state compliance tracking. POS data is a primary source for product migrations.
Pop-up (retail) A temporary cannabis retail event or brand activation, sometimes hosted inside an existing dispensary or at an event venue. Pop-ups build brand awareness and drive trial. Regulations around cannabis pop-ups vary significantly by state and municipality.
Pre-order (retail) An order placed in advance of visiting the dispensary, typically through online ordering or a mobile app. Pre-orders are assembled before the customer arrives, reducing wait time. See also: online ordering, express pickup.
Price matching (retail) A dispensary policy of matching competitors' prices on identical products. Price matching can retain price-sensitive customers but compresses margins. More common in highly competitive, dense markets with many dispensaries in close proximity.
Product mix (retail) The composition of product categories available at a dispensary (flower, vapes, edibles, concentrates, pre-rolls, topicals). Optimizing product mix based on customer demographics and market trends is a core retail strategy.
Returning customer (retail) A customer who has previously purchased from the dispensary. Tracking returning vs new customer ratios is a core retention metric. Cannabis dispensaries typically aim for 60-70%+ returning customer rates in mature markets.
Sampling (retail) The practice of providing cannabis product samples to budtenders (and in some cases consumers) for evaluation. Budtender sampling is considered essential for product knowledge and effective recommendations. Consumer sampling (dab bars, pre-roll lounges) is legal in limited jurisdictions. See also: consumption lounge.
Seed-to-sale (retail) A comprehensive tracking system that monitors cannabis from cultivation through processing, testing, and retail sale. Required by all legal cannabis states for regulatory compliance. Major systems: Metrc, BioTrack, MJ Freeway. See also: Metrc.
Shelf talker (retail) A small informational sign placed on or near a product shelf in a dispensary, highlighting features, promotions, or staff picks. Shelf talkers are a low-cost merchandising tool that influences purchasing decisions.
SKU (retail) Stock Keeping Unit -- a unique identifier for each distinct product in inventory. Cannabis SKUs encode product type, brand, strain, weight, and potency. Dispensaries typically carry 200-800 active SKUs.
Smells and bells (retail) A dispensary design philosophy focused on creating an elevated, sensory retail experience. Includes product displays, lighting, music, scent management, and overall ambiance. Part of the industry's shift from clinical to lifestyle retail.
Specials (retail) Limited-time promotional pricing on specific products or categories. Cannabis specials include daily deals, clearance pricing, vendor-funded promotions, and holiday sales. Specials drive traffic but require careful margin management.
Sticky pricing (retail) Pricing that remains consistent over time, building customer trust and reducing price-shopping behavior. In cannabis, where pricing can be volatile due to supply fluctuations, sticky pricing on core products is a retention strategy.
Strain menu (retail) A dispensary's listing of available flower strains, typically organized by indica/sativa/hybrid classification and sorted by popularity, potency, or price. The strain menu is often the first thing customers browse.
Top shelf (retail) The highest-quality tier of products at a dispensary, typically commanding premium pricing and displayed prominently. Top-shelf designation implies superior genetics, cultivation, cure, and potency. Most dispensaries organize inventory into top-shelf, mid-shelf, and value tiers.
Treez (retail) A cannabis POS and retail management platform serving 300+ dispensary organizations. Treez handles transactions, inventory, compliance, ecommerce, and analytics. Primary context for this skill -- product migrations, catalog management, and data operations run through Treez.
Tokage Fee (retail) A venue access or consumption fee charged by BYOC (bring your own cannabis) lounges. Named by analogy to "corkage" fees in restaurants. Typically $25-$50 per table or per session. First popularized by OG Cannabis Cafe in West Hollywood. See also: BYOC, consumption lounge.
Turn rate (retail) The speed at which inventory sells through, calculated as COGS divided by average inventory value. High turn rates indicate healthy product velocity; low turn rates signal overstocking or poor product selection. Cannabis flower should turn every 2-4 weeks for freshness.
Unit of measure (retail) The standardized quantity in which cannabis products are sold. Flower: grams, eighths (3.5g), quarters (7g), halves (14g), ounces (28g). Concentrates: grams and half-grams. Edibles: milligrams of THC per serving and per package. Pre-rolls: grams per unit. Understanding units is critical for POS configuration and migration.
Upselling (retail) The practice of suggesting a higher-quality or higher-priced product to a customer who is already making a purchase. Budtender upselling (e.g., suggesting live rosin over BHO, or a full gram over a half gram) is a primary driver of AOV increases.
Vendor day (retail) An in-store event where a cannabis brand representative visits a dispensary to promote products, offer samples (where legal), and educate budtenders. Vendor days drive sales for the featured brand and build brand-retailer relationships.
Waitlist (retail) A system for managing customer queue when a dispensary is at capacity (common in high-traffic locations or limited-capacity states). Digital waitlist systems (like those integrated with POS) allow customers to check in and receive text notifications.
Walk-in (retail) A customer who visits a dispensary without a pre-order, browsing the menu and making a purchase on the spot. Walk-in traffic is the primary sales channel for most dispensaries, though online pre-orders are growing. See also: pre-order.
Wait room (retail) A reception area in a dispensary where customers check in and wait before being admitted to the sales floor. In many states, dispensaries are required to have a controlled access point where ID verification occurs before customers can view or purchase products. Wait room design impacts customer experience and throughput.
Loss Prevention & QC (retail)
Buddy pass (retail / loss prevention) An internal theft archetype where a budtender rings up a friend's basket at a heavily discounted rate, comps items as samples, or voids items after handing them over. Often the single largest source of internal shrink in cannabis retail. Detected via exception-based reporting (discount %, void rate, employee-customer relationship graphs). See also: internal-theft.md, exception-based reporting.
Cash room (retail / loss prevention) A secure on-site room used for counting, storing, and transferring retail cash. In cannabis -- where federal banking restrictions force operators to run largely on cash -- the cash room is a hardened space with its own camera coverage, dual-custody access, smart safes, and restricted keying separate from the sales floor. See also: cash-handling.md, dual custody, armored car.
Dual custody (retail / loss prevention) A control requiring two authorized employees to be present for any cash-handling or high-value task (till counts, safe opens, deposit prep, vault access). Dual custody prevents single-employee fraud and is a baseline cash-room expectation in cannabis retail. See also: cash room.
Exception-based reporting (retail / loss prevention) A loss-prevention analytics approach that flags employee or transaction anomalies -- top-N void rate, top-N discount %, unusual no-receipt returns, after-hours register activity -- for supervisor review, rather than trying to manually audit every transaction. The primary analytics tool for catching internal theft in cannabis dispensaries. See also: internal-theft.md, buddy pass, void.
Return fraud (retail / loss prevention) An internal theft archetype where an employee processes a no-receipt return (or fabricates one) and pockets the refund, often later spending the store credit on personal purchases. A common pattern in cannabis retail where returns are regulatorily awkward. See also: internal-theft.md, exception-based reporting.
Shrinkage (shrink) (retail / loss prevention) Inventory loss from theft, damage, spoilage, or miscounts -- expressed as a percentage of retail revenue. In cannabis retail, industry estimates suggest internal (employee) theft drives the large majority of shrink, not external theft. Tracked monthly and investigated via exception-based reporting + cycle counts. See also: internal-theft.md, variance.
Variance (cash) (retail / loss prevention) The difference between expected and counted cash at a register close, shift change, or end-of-day deposit. Variance thresholds ($5 / $20 / $50 depending on operator policy) trigger escalating investigation steps -- from recount, to manager review, to LP investigation. See also: cash-handling.md, cash room.
Void (transaction) (retail / loss prevention) A canceled POS transaction. Elevated void rates -- especially concentrated on a single employee or shift -- are a primary theft-detection signal in dispensaries. Every POS tracks void counts per employee for exception-based reporting. See also: internal-theft.md, exception-based reporting.
Compliance & Legal
280E (compliance) Section 280E of the Internal Revenue Code, which prohibits businesses trafficking in Schedule I or II controlled substances from deducting ordinary business expenses on federal taxes. 280E dramatically increases effective tax rates for cannabis businesses (often 50-70%+). The single largest financial burden unique to the cannabis industry. See also: Business & Finance.
Adult-use (compliance) Cannabis sales to anyone 21 years of age or older, without requiring a medical card or physician recommendation. Also called "recreational." Most new cannabis legalization efforts are adult-use markets. See also: medical cannabis.
Batch number (compliance) A unique identifier assigned to a specific production run of cannabis product. Batch numbers enable traceability from production through sale and are required on all product labels. Critical for recalls and compliance audits.
BioTrack (compliance) A seed-to-sale tracking system used in several states (including formerly Washington state and Hawaii). BioTrack competes with Metrc as a state-mandated cannabis tracking platform. See also: Metrc, seed-to-sale.
Buffer zone (compliance) The minimum required distance between a cannabis business and sensitive locations (schools, churches, parks, daycares). Buffer zones vary by state and municipality -- typically 500-1000 feet. A major factor in real estate decisions for dispensary locations.
Canopy limit (compliance) The maximum cultivation area (in square feet) allowed under a specific license tier. States use canopy limits to control production volume and prevent market oversupply. Tiered licensing structures offer different canopy caps at different price points.
Canopy tax (compliance) A tax assessed on cultivators based on the square footage of their canopy rather than on product sales. Canopy taxes shift the tax burden to producers and are used in some markets (California initially used a cultivation tax per pound) to fund regulatory agencies and social programs.
Cannabis Social Equity Program (compliance) Government programs designed to provide cannabis business opportunities to communities disproportionately impacted by the War on Drugs. Equity programs may offer reduced licensing fees, priority application processing, technical assistance, and access to capital. See also: social equity.
Cash handling (compliance) The management of physical currency in cannabis businesses, necessitated by federal banking restrictions. Cannabis is primarily a cash industry because most banks will not serve businesses that handle Schedule I substances. Requires armored car services, cash vaults, and specialized accounting. See also: SAFE Banking.
Caregiver (compliance) A state-registered individual authorized to purchase, possess, and administer medical cannabis on behalf of a qualified patient who cannot obtain it themselves (minors, immobile patients). Caregiver registration requirements and limits vary by state.
Certificate of Analysis (COA) (compliance) A document from an accredited laboratory reporting the results of all required testing panels (potency, pesticides, microbials, heavy metals, etc.) for a specific product batch. COAs are required before any cannabis product can be sold. See also: coa-testing.md.
Child-resistant packaging (compliance) Packaging that meets ASTM D3475 or CPSC standards for child resistance. Required for all cannabis products in all legal states. Packaging must be difficult for children under 5 to open while remaining accessible to adults.
Closed-loop system (compliance) In compliance context, a tracking system where every cannabis plant, product, and transaction is accounted for from seed through sale, with no opportunity for diversion to the illicit market. The fundamental principle behind seed-to-sale requirements.
Compliance officer (compliance) A role responsible for ensuring a cannabis business meets all state and local regulatory requirements. Compliance officers manage track-and-trace reporting, maintain records, coordinate with regulators, and train staff on compliance protocols.
Conditional license (compliance) A preliminary license that allows a cannabis applicant to begin certain business activities (like securing a location) before receiving a full operational license. Common in new markets where the licensing process is lengthy.
Consent form (compliance) A document signed by customers (especially medical patients) acknowledging the risks and legal status of cannabis, the non-refundable nature of purchases, and consent to data collection. Required in many medical programs.
Consumption lounge (compliance) A licensed facility where cannabis can be consumed on-premises. Legal in a small but growing number of jurisdictions (Nevada, California, Illinois). Subject to specific ventilation, capacity, and operating requirements.
Controlled substance (compliance) A drug or chemical regulated by government law. Cannabis remains a Schedule I controlled substance under the federal Controlled Substances Act, creating the conflict between federal and state law that defines the industry's legal landscape.
Cultivation license (compliance) A state-issued permit allowing the growing of cannabis plants. Cultivation licenses are typically tiered by canopy size, with fees and requirements scaling with the tier. See also: canopy limit.
Delivery license (compliance) A specific license type authorizing cannabis delivery in states where delivery is legal. May be standalone or an endorsement added to a dispensary license. Requirements include vehicle specifications, GPS tracking, and cash limits. See also: delivery.
Daily purchase limit (compliance) The maximum amount of cannabis a consumer can purchase in a single day, as defined by state law. Limits vary by state and product type -- commonly 1 ounce of flower, 8 grams of concentrate, or 800mg of edible THC for adult-use. Medical limits are often higher. POS systems must track and enforce these limits.
DCC (compliance) Department of Cannabis Control -- California's state regulatory agency for cannabis, consolidating what were previously three separate agencies. Other states have their own regulatory bodies (CRA in Michigan, OCM in New York, etc.). See also: state regulatory body.
DEA (compliance) Drug Enforcement Administration -- the federal agency responsible for enforcing the Controlled Substances Act. While the DEA has generally not targeted state-legal cannabis operations in recent years, federal enforcement remains a theoretical risk.
Diversion (compliance) The redirection of legally produced cannabis to the illicit market. Preventing diversion is the primary goal of seed-to-sale tracking systems. Diversion violations carry severe penalties including license revocation and criminal charges.
Dual license (compliance) A dispensary operating under both medical and adult-use (recreational) cannabis licenses. Dual-license dispensaries can serve both patient populations, often at different tax rates and with different product availability. Common in states that transitioned from medical-only to adult-use.
Enforcement action (compliance) A regulatory penalty imposed on a cannabis licensee for violations. Ranges from warnings and fines to license suspension or revocation. Common triggers: inventory discrepancies, failed testing sold to consumers, operating outside licensed hours, or diversion.
Excise tax (compliance) A state-imposed tax on cannabis products, typically assessed at the point of sale or transfer. Excise tax rates vary dramatically by state (from ~10% to 37%) and are usually separate from standard sales tax. A major factor in retail pricing.
Exit bag (compliance) An opaque, sealed bag provided at dispensary checkout to hold purchased cannabis products. Required in many states to prevent public visibility of cannabis during transport. Exit bags must be child-resistant in some jurisdictions.
Farm Bill (compliance) The federal Agricultural Improvement Act, most recently updated in November 2025. The 2018 Farm Bill legalized hemp (<0.3% Delta-9-THC), creating the "hemp loophole" for Delta-8, HHC, and other cannabinoids. The 2025 amendments closed this loophole for most intoxicating hemp products (transition period through November 2026).
Gifting (compliance) The practice of giving cannabis as a "gift" with the purchase of another item (a sticker, t-shirt, art piece), used as a legal workaround in some jurisdictions where recreational sales are not yet permitted. Gray-market gifting services operate in a legal gray area and are actively targeted by regulators in many markets.
Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) (compliance) Quality standards for cannabis manufacturing facilities covering facility design, equipment, personnel, sanitation, and record-keeping. Some states mandate GMP compliance; others encourage it. Full FDA-style GMP is increasingly expected for edible and concentrate production.
Harvest batch (compliance) A group of cannabis plants of the same strain, cultivated in the same area, and harvested at the same time. Harvest batches must be tracked through the seed-to-sale system and tested before processing or sale.
Health and safety plan (compliance) A required document for cannabis license applications detailing how the business will handle employee safety, product safety, sanitation, pest management, waste disposal, and emergency procedures. Often reviewed by regulators during inspections.
Hemp (compliance) Cannabis sativa containing less than 0.3% Delta-9-THC by dry weight, as defined by the 2018 Farm Bill. Hemp is federally legal and used for CBD products, fiber, and other applications. The 0.3% threshold is the legal line between hemp and marijuana. See also: Farm Bill.
Homegrow (compliance) Personal cannabis cultivation allowed in some legal states. Homegrow limits vary (typically 3-12 plants per household) and some adult-use states prohibit it entirely. Homegrow is not tracked in seed-to-sale systems.
Interstate commerce (compliance) The transport and sale of cannabis across state lines, which is federally illegal regardless of state-level legalization. The prohibition on interstate commerce means each state operates as an isolated market. Oregon passed an interstate commerce bill contingent on federal permission, but no legal interstate transfers have occurred as of early 2026.
Lab testing (compliance) The mandatory testing of cannabis products by state-licensed laboratories before sale. Testing panels vary by state but typically include potency, pesticides, microbials, heavy metals, and residual solvents. See also: coa-testing.md.
License (compliance) A state-issued permit authorizing a specific cannabis business activity (cultivation, manufacturing, distribution, retail, delivery, testing). Cannabis licenses are limited in most states and can be worth millions of dollars in competitive markets.
License transfer (compliance) The process of transferring cannabis license ownership from one entity to another, typically during a business acquisition. License transfers are heavily regulated -- states require disclosure of all new owners, background checks, and regulatory approval before the transfer takes effect. The process can take months.
Limited license (compliance) A state licensing structure that caps the total number of cannabis licenses available. Limited license states (like Illinois, New Jersey, Ohio) create scarcity, driving up license values but limiting market competition. See also: license.
Labeling requirements (compliance) State-specific rules for what information must appear on cannabis product labels. Typically includes: product name, THC/CBD content (mg and %), batch number, testing lab name, harvest/manufacture date, ingredients, allergen warnings, universal cannabis symbol, and state-required health warnings. Requirements vary significantly by state.
Manifest (compliance) A document accompanying every cannabis shipment that details the contents, origin, destination, route, and vehicle information. Manifests are generated through the seed-to-sale system and must match physical inventory during transit. Required for all cannabis transfers.
Medical cannabis (compliance) Cannabis sold to patients with a qualifying medical condition and a physician's recommendation or state-issued medical card. Medical programs often have different tax rates, product requirements, and purchasing limits compared to adult-use. See also: adult-use.
Metrc (compliance) The most widely used seed-to-sale cannabis tracking platform, operated by Franwell. Metrc is mandated in 20+ states and tracks every cannabis plant, package, and transaction through RFID tags and digital reporting. The primary compliance system that cannabis businesses interact with daily. See also: seed-to-sale, RFID tag.
MJ Freeway (compliance) A cannabis seed-to-sale tracking and business management platform. MJ Freeway (now Akerna) was one of the first cannabis compliance software providers. Used as the state tracking system in some markets. See also: Metrc, BioTrack.
Moratorium (compliance) A temporary ban on new cannabis business licenses or activities. Municipalities may enact moratoriums while developing local cannabis regulations. Some moratoriums have lasted years, effectively serving as permanent bans.
OLCC (compliance) Oregon Liquor and Cannabis Commission -- the state agency that regulates recreational cannabis in Oregon. Each state has its own regulatory body with different names and structures.
Opt-out (compliance) A local municipality's decision to prohibit cannabis businesses within its jurisdiction, even though the state has legalized cannabis. Many states allow municipalities to opt out of allowing dispensaries, cultivation, or manufacturing. In some states (like New York), the majority of municipalities have opted out.
Operating agreement (compliance) A legal document governing the management and ownership structure of a cannabis business (typically an LLC). Operating agreements are scrutinized during license applications because states need to verify all owners and investors.
Package tag (compliance) A physical tag (usually RFID in Metrc states) attached to each package of cannabis as it moves through the supply chain. Package tags link physical inventory to digital tracking records.
Packaging requirements (compliance) State-specific rules governing how cannabis products must be packaged for sale. Requirements typically include child-resistant closures, opaque containers, specific label information (THC content, batch number, warnings), and universal symbol marking.
Pesticide list (compliance) A state-published list of pesticides that are either prohibited or approved for use on cannabis. Cannabis-approved pesticide lists are extremely limited compared to traditional agriculture because cannabis is consumed by inhalation. Products treated with unapproved pesticides will fail testing. See also: pesticide testing.
Plant count (compliance) The number of cannabis plants a licensee is authorized to grow. Some states regulate by plant count rather than canopy area. Plant counts are tracked in the seed-to-sale system from seed/clone through harvest.
Proposition (compliance) A ballot measure that voters decide on directly. Cannabis legalization in many states (California's Prop 64, Arizona's Prop 207, etc.) was achieved through voter propositions rather than legislative action.
Qualifying condition (compliance) A medical condition that makes a patient eligible for a state's medical cannabis program. Qualifying conditions vary by state but commonly include chronic pain, epilepsy, PTSD, cancer, multiple sclerosis, and Crohn's disease. Some states have expanded lists; others are restrictive.
Recall (compliance) A mandated withdrawal of cannabis products from sale due to safety concerns (failed testing, contamination, packaging errors). Recalls are tracked through the seed-to-sale system using batch numbers and package tags.
Reciprocity (compliance) An agreement between states to recognize each other's medical cannabis cards. Limited reciprocity exists -- some states (like Maine, Michigan, and DC) allow visiting patients with out-of-state medical cards to purchase cannabis. Most states do not offer reciprocity.
RFID tag (compliance) Radio-Frequency Identification tags used in Metrc's tracking system to identify individual cannabis packages. RFID tags are scanned at every transfer point, creating a complete chain of custody from cultivation through sale. See also: Metrc.
SAFE Banking Act (compliance) Proposed federal legislation that would protect banks and financial institutions from federal penalties for serving state-legal cannabis businesses. SAFE Banking would solve the industry's cash-handling problem. Has passed the House multiple times but not yet become law.
Schedule I (compliance) The most restrictive category under the federal Controlled Substances Act. Cannabis is classified as Schedule I (high potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use). This classification underlies 280E, banking restrictions, and the federal-state legal conflict.
Social equity (compliance) Programs and policies designed to ensure that communities disproportionately impacted by cannabis prohibition have equitable access to the legal cannabis industry. Social equity applicants may receive license priority, reduced fees, and business support. See also: Cannabis Social Equity Program.
Security requirements (compliance) State-mandated security measures for cannabis businesses. Typically include 24/7 video surveillance with 30-90 day retention, alarm systems, restricted access areas, safes or vaults for cash and product, and security personnel. Requirements vary by license type and state.
State regulatory body (compliance) The government agency responsible for regulating cannabis in a given state. Names vary: California Department of Cannabis Control (DCC), Oregon OLCC, Michigan CRA, etc. These agencies issue licenses, write rules, and conduct enforcement.
Sunset clause (compliance) A provision in cannabis legislation that causes specific rules or programs to expire after a set date unless renewed. Common in social equity programs and early market license caps.
Testing lab (compliance) A state-licensed facility that performs mandatory cannabis testing. Labs must be independent (no financial ties to licensees they test), accredited (typically ISO 17025), and approved by the state regulatory body.
Tax stamp (compliance) A physical marker (stamp, sticker, or hologram) applied to cannabis product packaging to indicate that applicable taxes have been paid. Used in some states as a visual compliance indicator. Similar to alcohol tax stamps.
Track-and-trace (compliance) The process of monitoring cannabis movement through the supply chain from cultivation to sale. Implemented through state-mandated software systems (Metrc, BioTrack). Track-and-trace data must match physical inventory at all times. See also: seed-to-sale.
Transport license (compliance) A specific license type authorizing the transport of cannabis between licensed facilities (cultivation to processor, processor to dispensary, etc.). In some states, transport/distribution is a separate license category with specific vehicle and security requirements. See also: manifest.
Transfer (compliance) Any movement of cannabis products between licensed facilities. Every transfer requires a manifest, must be logged in the seed-to-sale system, and often has timing restrictions (e.g., no transfers after dark).
Universal symbol (compliance) A state-required icon that must appear on all cannabis product packaging to indicate the product contains cannabis. Designs vary by state but all serve the same purpose: warning consumers (especially children) that the product contains THC.
Vertical integration (compliance) A business model where a single entity holds licenses for multiple supply chain stages (cultivation, manufacturing, and retail). Some states mandate vertical integration (especially early in market development); others encourage horizontal separation.
Waste disposal (compliance) The regulated process for destroying cannabis waste (unusable plant material, failed product, expired inventory). Waste disposal must be documented in the seed-to-sale system and typically requires rendering the cannabis unusable (mixing with non-cannabis waste material).
Warning labels (compliance) Required text on cannabis product packaging alerting consumers to health risks. Standard warnings include: "Keep away from children," "May impair ability to drive," "Not safe during pregnancy or breastfeeding," and state-specific health warnings. Warning text, font size, and placement requirements vary by state.
Worker safety (compliance) OSHA and state-specific regulations governing employee safety in cannabis facilities. Covers extraction lab safety (volatile solvents, high pressure equipment), cultivation hazards (pesticide exposure, repetitive motion), and dispensary security protocols. Cannabis-specific worker safety guidance is evolving as the industry formalizes.
Zoning (compliance) Local land-use regulations that determine where cannabis businesses can operate. Zoning restrictions (combined with buffer zones) often limit viable locations. Some municipalities in legal states have enacted local bans on cannabis businesses through restrictive zoning.
Loss Prevention & QC (compliance)
DCC (Department of Cannabis Control) (compliance) California's unified cannabis regulator, formed in July 2021 via AB-141 by consolidating the Bureau of Cannabis Control (BCC), the CalCannabis Cultivation Licensing division, and the Manufactured Cannabis Safety Branch. DCC issues and enforces all CA cannabis licenses, manages the state's Metrc implementation, and administers recalls (see DCC §5044 for security retention rules). Do NOT use "BCC" in current reference — it is a defunct acronym. See also: security.md, recalls.md.
FIFO (First In First Out) (compliance / receiving) An inventory rotation rule mandating that older lots and earlier-received packages sell before newer ones. In cannabis, FIFO rotation is both an operational quality control (flower degrades, edibles expire) and a recall-readiness discipline -- knowing exactly which lots are on which shelf makes a recall trace fast. See also: receiving-qc.md.
Manifest (compliance / receiving) The transportation document that accompanies a cannabis shipment from licensee to licensee. In Metrc states, the manifest is generated in and linked to a Metrc transfer; the receiver must accept the transfer in Metrc within a state-defined window (typically 24-48 hours after physical receipt) and reconcile the physical packages against the manifest line items. Manifest discrepancies are a compliance event and the first gate in the receiving workflow. See also: receiving-qc.md, supply-chain.md.
Metrc admin-recall (compliance / recalls) The Metrc package status applied when a package is placed under an administrative recall -- either state-initiated (mandatory) or operator-initiated (voluntary). Once marked admin-recall, the package cannot be sold, transferred, or adjusted without regulator clearance. Referenced most prominently in the CA DCC recall bulletin CA-2025-006 (Fresh Farms pesticide recall). See also: recalls.md, quarantine.
Metrc Retail ID (compliance / recalls) A consumer-facing QR code introduced in California in August 2025 that links a product on shelf to its Metrc package record. Enables direct-to-consumer recall verification: a consumer scans the code and sees whether their purchase is implicated in a current recall. Part of CA's post-CA-2025-006 recall-communication push. See also: recalls.md.
Quarantine (product) (compliance / receiving) A temporary hold placed on a product pending COA retest, recall clearance, or regulatory review. Quarantined product is physically segregated (dedicated shelf/cage), flagged in the POS as unsellable, and its Metrc packages are tagged appropriately. Quarantine is both a receiving gate (when COA or manifest discrepancies surface) and a recall control. See also: receiving-qc.md, recalls.md.
Rendering unusable (compliance / waste) The mandatory first step in cannabis waste disposal: the product is ground or shredded and mixed with non-cannabis material (soil, sawdust, cat litter, or similar) in a prescribed ratio (commonly 50/50) before it leaves the premises. Rendering unusable ensures the material cannot be diverted for sale or consumption. Performed with witnessed destruction and logged in Metrc. See also: waste-management.md, witnessed destruction.
Witnessed destruction (compliance / waste) Cannabis waste destruction performed in the presence of a qualifying witness -- a state regulator, a licensed third-party disposal vendor, or (in some states) a manager-on-duty plus two employees. Required by most states before the waste can leave the licensed premises. In many states the destruction event is logged in Metrc with the witness identity, timestamp, and weight. See also: waste-management.md, rendering unusable.
Lab Testing & Science
Accreditation (lab testing) The formal certification (typically ISO/IEC 17025) that a cannabis testing laboratory meets international standards for competence, impartiality, and consistent operation. Most states require lab accreditation as a prerequisite for testing cannabis.
Acid form (lab testing) The naturally occurring, carboxylated form of cannabinoids as they exist in raw cannabis plant material (THCa, CBDa, CBGa). Acid forms are non-psychoactive and convert to their "active" neutral forms (THC, CBD, CBG) through decarboxylation (heat). See also: decarboxylation.
Action level (lab testing) The maximum allowable concentration of a contaminant (pesticide, heavy metal, microbial) in a cannabis product. Action levels are set by each state's regulations and vary significantly. Products exceeding action levels fail testing.
Aflatoxin (lab testing) A carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus mold. Cannabis testing panels typically screen for aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2. Action levels are usually set at 20 ppb (parts per billion) total.
Analyte (lab testing) Any specific compound being measured in a cannabis test -- individual cannabinoids, terpenes, pesticides, heavy metals, etc. A full cannabinoid panel may test for 15-20+ analytes.
Aspergillus (lab testing) A genus of mold that produces harmful mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxin). Four species are commonly tested in cannabis: A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger, and A. terreus. Aspergillus contamination is particularly dangerous for immunocompromised patients. Detection methods include qPCR and culture-based testing. See also: mycotoxin, aflatoxin.
Arsenic (lab testing) A heavy metal tested for in cannabis products. Cannabis plants can accumulate arsenic from contaminated soil or water. Action levels typically range from 1.5-10 ppm depending on product type and state.
Bioassay (lab testing) A test measuring the biological activity or potency of a substance using living organisms or cells. Not standard in routine cannabis testing but used in research to assess cannabinoid effects.
Cadmium (lab testing) A heavy metal tested for in cannabis products. Like arsenic, cadmium accumulates in cannabis from contaminated growing media. Action levels typically range from 0.5-4.1 ppm depending on state and product type.
Cannabinoid panel (lab testing) The suite of cannabinoids quantified during potency testing. A comprehensive panel tests for THC, THCa, CBD, CBDa, CBG, CBGa, CBN, CBC, THCV, and Delta-8-THC. Panel breadth varies by state requirement and lab capability. See also: cannabinoids.md.
Cannabinoid profile (lab testing) The complete quantitative breakdown of all cannabinoids present in a cannabis product. A product's cannabinoid profile determines its legal classification, regulatory compliance, and consumer experience. See also: potency.
Chain of custody (lab testing) The documented trail of a sample from collection at the facility through transport, receipt at the lab, testing, and result reporting. Chain of custody ensures sample integrity and prevents tampering or substitution.
Calibration (lab testing) The process of adjusting analytical instruments using known reference standards to ensure measurement accuracy. Labs must regularly calibrate HPLC, GC, and ICP-MS equipment. Calibration records are reviewed during accreditation audits.
Colony-forming unit (CFU) (lab testing) A measure of viable microbial contamination in a cannabis sample. Microbial limits for cannabis are expressed as CFU per gram (CFU/g). States set different limits for total yeast and mold (TYM), total aerobic bacteria (TAC), and specific pathogens.
Compliance testing (lab testing) The mandatory testing of cannabis products required before they can be sold to consumers. Compliance testing is distinct from R&D testing -- only results from state-licensed labs following approved protocols can satisfy regulatory requirements. See also: R&D testing.
Contaminant (lab testing) Any undesirable substance found in cannabis -- pesticides, heavy metals, microbials, mycotoxins, residual solvents, or foreign material. Contaminant testing is the primary safety function of cannabis lab testing.
E. coli (lab testing) A pathogenic bacterium tested for in cannabis microbial panels. Presence of E. coli indicates fecal contamination. Most states set action levels at "none detected" or <100 CFU/g.
Fail rate (lab testing) The percentage of cannabis samples that do not pass one or more required testing panels. Average fail rates vary by state and product type -- flower typically fails at 5-15%, with microbial contamination and pesticides being the most common failure categories. High fail rates indicate systemic cultivation or processing problems.
Filth and foreign material (lab testing) Non-cannabis material found in a product -- hair, insects, mold visible to the naked eye, dirt, packaging material, sand, or synthetic fibers. Inspection is typically visual (sometimes with magnification) and is a required testing panel in most states. Also called "foreign material" testing.
Gas chromatography (GC) (lab testing) An analytical method that heats samples to separate and quantify compounds. GC was the original cannabis testing method but has been largely replaced by HPLC because heating decarboxylates acid forms, making it impossible to separately quantify THCa and THC. See also: HPLC.
Heavy metals (lab testing) The panel testing for toxic metals (typically lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury) in cannabis products. Heavy metals accumulate in cannabis from soil, water, fertilizers, and growing equipment. See also: lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury.
Homogeneity (lab testing) The evenness of cannabinoid distribution within an infused product (especially edibles). Homogeneity testing verifies that each serving contains a consistent dose. Poor homogeneity means one gummy might have 2mg THC while another has 15mg from the same batch.
HPLC (lab testing) High-Performance Liquid Chromatography -- the current standard analytical method for cannabis potency testing. HPLC operates at room temperature, preserving acid forms (THCa, CBDa) and allowing separate quantification of acidic and neutral cannabinoids. See also: gas chromatography.
ICP-MS (lab testing) Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry -- the standard analytical method for testing heavy metals (lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury) in cannabis products. ICP-MS offers extremely low detection limits in the parts-per-billion range. See also: heavy metals.
Interlaboratory comparison (lab testing) A process where multiple labs test the same sample to assess result consistency. Cannabis testing has historically shown significant interlaboratory variability, leading to concerns about "lab shopping" where operators seek labs that produce higher potency results.
Lead (lab testing) A heavy metal tested for in cannabis products. Lead contamination can come from soil, old pipes, and some cultivation equipment. Action levels are typically 0.5-1.0 ppm. Lead is the most commonly failed heavy metal in cannabis testing.
Limit of detection (LOD) (lab testing) The lowest amount of an analyte that a test method can reliably distinguish from background noise. LOD does not equal zero -- "not detected" means below the LOD, not necessarily absent.
Limit of quantification (LOQ) (lab testing) The lowest amount of an analyte that can be reliably measured and reported with a specific degree of accuracy. LOQ is always higher than LOD. Results between LOD and LOQ may be reported as "trace" or "<LOQ."
Matrix (lab testing) The sample type being tested (flower, concentrate, edible, tincture, etc.). Different matrices require different testing methods and have different action levels. A lab must validate its methods for each matrix type.
Mercury (lab testing) A heavy metal tested for in cannabis products. Less common as a contaminant than lead or cadmium but included in standard heavy metal panels. Action levels typically range from 1.0-3.0 ppm.
Microbial testing (lab testing) Testing for microorganisms including total yeast and mold (TYM), total aerobic count (TAC), E. coli, Salmonella, and Aspergillus. Microbial contamination is one of the most common reasons for cannabis products to fail testing. See also: colony-forming unit.
Lab shopping (lab testing) The practice of cannabis producers sending samples to multiple labs and choosing the results that show the highest potency or best outcomes. Lab shopping undermines testing integrity and drives potency inflation. Some states address this by assigning labs to producers randomly. See also: potency inflation.
Mass spectrometry (lab testing) An analytical technique that identifies compounds by measuring their mass-to-charge ratio. Used in combination with chromatography (GC-MS, LC-MS) for pesticide and residual solvent testing. Provides highly specific identification of target analytes.
Moisture content (lab testing) The percentage of water in a cannabis sample. Excessive moisture promotes mold and microbial growth. Most states require flower to test below a specific moisture threshold or water activity level.
Mycotoxin (lab testing) Toxic compounds produced by certain molds (primarily Aspergillus and Penicillium species). Cannabis mycotoxin testing typically screens for aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2) and ochratoxin A. Immunocompromised patients are particularly vulnerable.
Ochratoxin (lab testing) A mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium molds. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is tested alongside aflatoxins in cannabis mycotoxin panels. Action levels are typically 20 ppb.
Parts per billion (ppb) (lab testing) A concentration unit used for measuring trace contaminants (mycotoxins, some pesticides). One ppb equals one microgram per kilogram. Mycotoxin limits are commonly expressed in ppb.
Parts per million (ppm) (lab testing) A concentration unit used for measuring contaminants (heavy metals, residual solvents) and sometimes cannabinoid content. One ppm equals one milligram per kilogram. Pesticide and heavy metal action levels are commonly expressed in ppm.
Pesticide testing (lab testing) Screening for prohibited and restricted pesticides in cannabis products. States maintain lists of specific pesticides and action levels. California tests for 66 pesticides; other states may test for fewer. Cannabis-legal pesticides are very limited -- most conventional agricultural pesticides are prohibited.
Potency (lab testing) The cannabinoid concentration in a cannabis product, expressed as a percentage (for flower and concentrates) or milligrams (for edibles and tinctures). Total THC is the primary potency metric: Total THC = (THCa x 0.877) + Delta-9-THC. See also: coa-testing.md.
Potency inflation (lab testing) The practice of labs reporting higher-than-actual cannabinoid percentages, either through methodological bias, sampling techniques, or competitive pressure to attract cultivator clients. Potency inflation is a recognized industry problem -- some studies have found average reported THC percentages have climbed steadily despite no corresponding genetic advances.
Proficiency testing (lab testing) Standardized testing events where labs analyze provided samples with known concentrations. Required for accreditation maintenance and used to identify labs producing inaccurate results.
QA/QC (lab testing) Quality Assurance / Quality Control -- the systematic processes a testing lab uses to ensure accurate, reproducible results. Includes calibration, control samples, blank samples, duplicate analyses, and standard operating procedures.
qPCR (lab testing) Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction -- a molecular testing method used to detect specific microbial DNA in cannabis samples. qPCR can identify pathogens like Aspergillus, Salmonella, and E. coli at very low concentrations. Faster and more sensitive than traditional plate-based microbial testing.
R&D testing (lab testing) Research and Development testing performed on cannabis samples before they enter the retail supply chain. R&D results cannot be used for regulatory compliance but help cultivators and manufacturers optimize their processes.
Remediation (lab testing) The process of treating cannabis material that failed testing to bring it into compliance. Methods include extraction (removes pesticides from flower), CRC (removes color/taste impurities), and sterilization (kills microbials). Not all states allow remediation. See also: Processing & Extraction.
Reporting limit (lab testing) The lowest concentration at which a lab will report a quantitative result for a specific analyte. Reporting limits are typically set at or above the LOQ. Results below the reporting limit may be noted as "ND" (not detected) or "<RL."
Residual solvent (lab testing) Chemical solvents remaining in a cannabis concentrate after extraction and purging. Tested solvents include butane, propane, ethanol, isopropanol, and acetone. Residual solvent limits vary by state and solvent. See also: purging.
Shelf life (lab testing) The duration a cannabis product remains safe, potent, and effective under normal storage conditions. Flower: 6-12 months when properly stored. Edibles: varies by type (6-18 months). Concentrates: 6-12 months. Degradation includes potency loss (THC converting to CBN), terpene evaporation, and potential microbial growth.
Salmonella (lab testing) A pathogenic bacterium tested for in cannabis microbial panels. Salmonella must be absent (not detected) in cannabis products -- any presence is an automatic fail in all states.
Sample (lab testing) A representative portion of a cannabis batch collected for testing. Sample collection protocols (who collects, how much, from where in the batch) are regulated by each state to prevent cherry-picking the best material.
Terpene profiling (lab testing) The quantitative analysis of terpene content in a cannabis sample. Terpene profiles help differentiate strains, predict effects, and verify product authenticity. Mandatory in some states (CA, CT, DE, MA, MI) and optional in others. See also: terpenes.md.
Total CBD (lab testing) The calculated maximum CBD after full decarboxylation: Total CBD = (CBDa x 0.877) + CBD. Reported on COAs alongside Total THC. Important for CBD-dominant products and for calculating the THC:CBD ratio that some consumers use to predict effects. See also: coa-testing.md.
Total THC (lab testing) The calculated maximum THC that would be present after full decarboxylation: Total THC = (THCa x 0.877) + Delta-9-THC. This is the primary potency number consumers see on labels and menus. The 0.877 factor accounts for the mass lost when the carboxyl group is removed from THCa. See also: coa-testing.md.
Total yeast and mold (TYM) (lab testing) A microbial test measuring the total count of viable yeast and mold in a cannabis sample, expressed as CFU/g. Common action levels range from 1,000-10,000 CFU/g depending on state and product type. TYM failure is among the most frequent testing failures.
Validated method (lab testing) An analytical method that has been formally demonstrated to produce accurate and reproducible results for a specific analyte in a specific matrix. Method validation is required for lab accreditation.
Stability testing (lab testing) Testing that measures how a cannabis product's potency, terpene content, and safety metrics change over time under specific storage conditions. Stability testing determines accurate shelf life and expiration dates. Not universally required but increasingly expected for edibles and concentrates.
Terpene retention (lab testing) The percentage of original terpene content that survives processing, packaging, and storage. Terpene retention is a key quality indicator -- fresh flower may contain 2-5% total terpenes, but aggressive processing (high heat, open-air exposure) can reduce this to near zero. Live products and cold-processed concentrates maximize retention. See also: terpenes.md.
Water activity (aw) (lab testing) A measure of available water in a cannabis product (scale of 0-1.0). Water activity above 0.65 promotes mold and microbial growth. Most states require flower to test below 0.65 aw. Water activity is distinct from (and more informative than) simple moisture content. See also: moisture content.
Consumer & Effects
Bioavailability (consumer) The percentage of consumed cannabinoids that actually reach the bloodstream. Bioavailability varies dramatically by consumption method: inhalation (~30-50%), sublingual (~20-35%), oral/edible (~6-15%). Nano-emulsification improves oral bioavailability. See also: nano-emulsion.
Body high (consumer) A physical sensation of relaxation, heaviness, or warmth concentrated in the body rather than the head. Associated with indica-leaning strains and myrcene-dominant terpene profiles. Widely reported by consumers. See also: terpenes.md.
Cannabinoid (consumer) A chemical compound that interacts with the endocannabinoid system. Cannabis produces 100+ phytocannabinoids, with THC and CBD being the most abundant. Cannabinoid content determines a product's legal classification, effects, and therapeutic potential. See also: cannabinoids.md.
CB1 receptor (consumer) A cannabinoid receptor concentrated in the brain and central nervous system. THC's psychoactive effects are primarily mediated through CB1 activation. CB1 receptors are involved in mood, appetite, pain perception, and memory.
CB2 receptor (consumer) A cannabinoid receptor found primarily in the immune system and peripheral tissues. CBD, CBG, and other non-psychoactive cannabinoids often interact with CB2 receptors. CB2 activation is associated with anti-inflammatory effects.
Cannabinoid ratio (consumer) The proportion of different cannabinoids in a product, expressed as a ratio (e.g., 1:1 THC:CBD, 20:1 CBD:THC). Ratios help consumers predict effects -- balanced ratios (1:1) produce milder psychoactivity with broader therapeutic benefit; high THC ratios produce stronger intoxication. See also: cannabinoids.md.
Cerebral high (consumer) A psychoactive experience characterized by mental stimulation, creativity, euphoria, or altered perception. Associated with sativa-leaning strains and terpenes like limonene and pinene. Widely reported by consumers.
Cottonmouth (consumer) Dry mouth caused by THC's interaction with salivary gland receptors. One of the most common and universally reported side effects of cannabis consumption. Not dehydration -- the saliva production is temporarily suppressed.
Couch lock (consumer) An extreme body high where the consumer feels physically unable or unmotivated to move. Associated with high-THC indica strains, especially those high in myrcene. Widely reported by consumers. See also: body high.
Creeper (consumer) A strain or product whose effects build gradually over time rather than hitting immediately. Common with edibles and some terpene profiles. Users may accidentally overconsume by taking more before the initial dose fully manifests.
Cross-faded (consumer) The state of being simultaneously intoxicated by both cannabis and alcohol. Generally considered unpleasant by experienced users as the combination often causes nausea, dizziness, and disorientation.
Dabbing (consumer) Consuming cannabis concentrates by vaporizing them on a heated surface (typically a quartz "banger" or electronic rig). Dabbing produces intense, rapid-onset effects due to the high cannabinoid concentration of concentrates. See also: dab.
Dehydration (consumer) A common misconception about cannabis side effects. THC causes dry mouth (cottonmouth) by suppressing salivary glands, not through actual dehydration. However, staying hydrated is still recommended during cannabis consumption for general comfort. See also: cottonmouth.
Dose (consumer) The amount of cannabinoid consumed. Standard dose in regulated markets is 5-10mg THC for edibles. Flower dosing is less precise due to variable consumption methods. "Start low, go slow" is the universal guidance for new consumers.
Dry eyes (consumer) Reduced tear production and eye irritation caused by THC's interaction with cannabinoid receptors in the eye. Along with red eyes and cottonmouth, dry eyes are among the most common and universally reported side effects of cannabis consumption.
Duration (consumer) How long cannabis effects last. Inhalation: 1-3 hours. Edible: 4-8 hours (sometimes longer). Tincture: 2-4 hours. Transdermal: 8-12 hours. Duration depends on dose, tolerance, metabolism, and consumption method.
Edible onset (consumer) The time between consuming a cannabis edible and feeling effects. Standard edibles: 30-90 minutes. Nano-emulsified edibles: 10-20 minutes. The delay causes many new users to take a second dose prematurely, leading to overconsumption.
Endocannabinoid system (ECS) (consumer) The biological system of receptors (CB1, CB2), endogenous cannabinoids (anandamide, 2-AG), and enzymes that regulates homeostasis in the body. Cannabis phytocannabinoids interact with the ECS to produce their effects. Clinically established. See also: cannabinoids.md.
Entourage effect (consumer) The theory that cannabis compounds (cannabinoids, terpenes, flavonoids) work synergistically to produce effects greater than any single compound alone. This is why full-spectrum products are often preferred over isolates. Research suggests this interaction is real, though the exact mechanisms are still being studied. See also: entourage-effect.md.
First-pass metabolism (consumer) The liver's processing of orally consumed cannabinoids before they reach systemic circulation. During first-pass metabolism, THC is converted to 11-hydroxy-THC, which is more potent and longer-lasting. This is why edibles feel different (and often stronger) than inhaled cannabis.
Full-spectrum (consumer) A product containing the complete range of cannabinoids, terpenes, and other compounds naturally present in the cannabis plant. Full-spectrum products are associated with the entourage effect and are generally preferred over isolate-based products. See also: entourage effect, broad-spectrum.
Broad-spectrum (consumer) A product containing multiple cannabinoids and terpenes but with THC specifically removed (typically below detection limits). Broad-spectrum occupies a middle ground between full-spectrum and isolate -- some entourage benefit without THC. See also: full-spectrum.
Functional high (consumer) A cannabis experience that produces desired effects (relaxation, creativity, mood enhancement) while maintaining the ability to perform normal activities. Microdosing and balanced cannabinoid ratios target functional highs. A key concept in the "cannabis wellness" movement. See also: microdose.
Green out (consumer) Overconsumption of cannabis resulting in nausea, dizziness, anxiety, pallor, and sometimes vomiting. Not medically dangerous but extremely unpleasant. Most common with edibles and among inexperienced users. Widely reported by consumers.
Head high (consumer) Cerebral, psychoactive effects felt primarily in the mind -- euphoria, altered perception, creativity, or racing thoughts. Associated with sativa-leaning strains and limonene/pinene terpene profiles. See also: cerebral high.
Indica-dominant (consumer) A hybrid cannabis strain that leans more toward indica characteristics -- relaxing body effects, sedation, and appetite stimulation. Marketing shorthand for consumers seeking relaxation. Note: terpene profile is a more accurate predictor than indica/sativa classification. See also: hybrid, indica.
Isolate product (consumer) A product made from a single, purified cannabinoid (typically CBD or THC isolate) rather than a full-spectrum or broad-spectrum extract. Isolate products contain no other cannabinoids or terpenes. Some consumers prefer isolate for predictable, single-compound effects. See also: isolate, full-spectrum.
Hybrid (consumer) A cannabis strain bred from both indica and sativa genetics. Most modern commercial strains are hybrids. Marketing typically classifies hybrids as "indica-dominant," "sativa-dominant," or "balanced" based on reported effects. Note: terpene and cannabinoid profiles are more accurate predictors of effects than indica/sativa classification. See also: terpenes.md.
Microdose (consumer) Consuming very small amounts of cannabis (typically 1-2.5mg THC) to achieve subtle effects without significant intoxication. Microdosing is growing in popularity, especially among professionals and wellness consumers. Products marketed as microdose-friendly include mints, gummies, and tinctures.
Medical use (consumer) Using cannabis products primarily for symptom management rather than recreation. Common medical applications include chronic pain, nausea (especially chemotherapy-induced), seizure disorders, anxiety, insomnia, and appetite stimulation. Evidence varies by condition -- some uses are clinically established (e.g., epilepsy with CBD), while others are widely reported anecdotal. See also: cannabinoids.md.
Munchies (consumer) Increased appetite caused by THC's interaction with hunger-signaling pathways in the brain. Clinically established effect -- THC activates CB1 receptors in the hypothalamus that regulate appetite. One of the most universally recognized cannabis effects.
Onset time (consumer) The time between consuming cannabis and first feeling effects. Inhalation: 1-5 minutes. Sublingual: 15-30 minutes. Oral/edible: 30-90 minutes. Transdermal: 30-60 minutes. Onset time is a primary factor in product selection and dosing decisions.
Overconsumption (consumer) Taking more cannabis than intended or comfortable, resulting in unpleasant effects (anxiety, nausea, disorientation, paranoia). Most common with edibles due to delayed onset. Standard guidance: "Start low, go slow." No fatal overdoses from cannabis have been recorded. See also: green out.
Paranoia (consumer) Anxiety and suspicious thinking that some users experience with cannabis, particularly at high THC doses. Associated with THC activation of CB1 receptors in the amygdala. CBD may counteract THC-induced anxiety. Research suggests dose-dependent relationship. See also: cannabinoids.md.
Plateau (consumer) The peak period of cannabis effects before they begin to diminish. Understanding plateau timing helps consumers plan activities and avoid re-dosing too soon.
Red eyes (consumer) Blood vessel dilation in the eyes caused by THC lowering blood pressure. Red eyes are one of the most visible and universally recognized signs of cannabis consumption. Eye drops can reduce the effect. Clinically established side effect.
Session (consumer) A single cannabis consumption occasion, particularly for social smoking/vaping. "Session" strains or products are those designed for moderate, sustained use rather than a single intense hit.
Sativa-dominant (consumer) A hybrid cannabis strain that leans more toward sativa characteristics -- energizing cerebral effects, creativity, and focus. Marketing shorthand for consumers seeking daytime or active-use products. Note: terpene profile is a more accurate predictor than indica/sativa classification. See also: hybrid, sativa.
Set and setting (consumer) The concept that cannabis effects are influenced not just by the product itself but by the consumer's mindset (set) and physical/social environment (setting). A term borrowed from psychedelic culture that applies equally to cannabis -- the same strain can feel different depending on mood, stress level, and surroundings.
Start low, go slow (consumer) The universal dosing guidance for cannabis, especially for new consumers and edibles. Begin with a low dose (2.5-5mg THC), wait for full onset (up to 2 hours for edibles), then increase gradually. Prevents overconsumption and builds a positive relationship with cannabis.
Strain-specific effects (consumer) The unique combination of effects associated with a particular cannabis cultivar, determined by its cannabinoid and terpene profile. While marketing emphasizes strain-specific effects, individual responses vary based on personal biology, tolerance, and set/setting.
Sublingual (consumer) Consumption method where cannabis product (typically a tincture or dissolvable) is placed under the tongue for absorption through the mucous membranes. Bypasses first-pass metabolism, providing faster onset (15-30 minutes) and higher bioavailability than swallowed edibles.
T-break (consumer) Short for "tolerance break" -- a period of abstaining from cannabis (typically 2-4 weeks) to reset cannabinoid receptor sensitivity. T-breaks reduce tolerance, allowing lower doses to be effective again. Widely practiced among regular consumers.
Terpene profile (consumer) The specific combination and ratio of terpenes in a cannabis product. Terpene profiles are increasingly recognized as the primary determinant of a strain's effects, aroma, and flavor -- more predictive than indica/sativa classification. See also: terpenes.md.
Titration (consumer) The process of gradually adjusting cannabis dose to find the optimal amount for desired effects. "Start low, go slow" is titration in practice. Particularly important for edibles and new consumers.
Tolerance (consumer) Reduced sensitivity to cannabis effects that develops with regular use. Tolerance builds primarily through CB1 receptor downregulation. Regular daily users may need 5-10x the dose of an occasional user. See also: T-break.
Topical absorption (consumer) The process by which cannabinoids penetrate the skin to reach local tissues. Standard topicals (lotions, salves) only reach superficial skin layers -- they do not enter the bloodstream and do not produce psychoactive effects. Transdermal products use penetration enhancers to cross the skin barrier into systemic circulation. See also: topical, transdermal.
Vaping (consumer) Inhaling vaporized cannabis oil or flower using a battery-powered device. Vaping heats cannabis below the combustion point (typically 350-430 degrees F), producing vapor instead of smoke. Considered less harmful than smoking because it avoids combustion byproducts. The largest category by revenue in most cannabis markets. See also: vape pen.
Wellness (consumer) The use of cannabis products (especially low-dose and CBD-dominant formulations) for general wellbeing rather than specific medical conditions or recreation. The cannabis wellness market encompasses sleep aids, stress relief, exercise recovery, and relaxation products. A key growth segment driving new consumer adoption.
Window of effects (consumer) The total time from onset to full dissipation of cannabis effects. Understanding the window helps consumers plan activities: inhalation (2-4 hours total), sublingual (3-5 hours), edible (5-10 hours), transdermal (10-14 hours). The window varies significantly based on dose, tolerance, and individual metabolism. See also: onset time, duration.
Cannabis Slang
710 (slang) The "OIL" of cannabis culture -- 710 upside down spells OIL. July 10th (7/10) is the concentrate enthusiast's holiday, analogous to 4/20 for flower. Professional equivalent: concentrate/oil culture. See also: 420.
420 (slang) The most recognized number in cannabis culture, originating from a group of California teens who met at 4:20 PM. April 20th (4/20) is the unofficial cannabis holiday. Professional equivalent: cannabis culture/community.
Banger (slang) A bucket-shaped quartz, titanium, or ceramic attachment on a dab rig where concentrate is vaporized. Heated with a torch or e-nail before the concentrate is placed inside. Professional equivalent: concentrate vaporization dish. See also: dabbing.
Boof (slang) Slang with two meanings: (1) low-quality cannabis, or (2) rectal administration of cannabis. Context determines meaning -- most commonly used to mean low-quality product in dispensary culture. Professional equivalent: low-quality/substandard product.
Budder (slang) While also a legitimate product name, "budder" is used colloquially to refer to any soft-textured concentrate. Professional equivalent: whipped concentrate. See also: Product Types & Forms.
Bowl (slang) (1) The part of a pipe or bong where cannabis is packed. (2) A single load of cannabis in a pipe. "Pack a bowl." Professional equivalent: pipe chamber / single serving.
Burn one (slang) To smoke cannabis. Professional equivalent: consume cannabis (inhalation method).
Caregiver (slang) While not strictly slang, "caregiver" in cannabis culture refers to a designated person authorized to purchase and possess cannabis on behalf of a medical patient. Professional equivalent: designated medical cannabis caregiver.
Cheeba (slang) An older slang term for cannabis, common in the 1990s-2000s. Professional equivalent: cannabis.
Cherry (slang) The glowing ember at the end of a lit joint or bowl. "Keep the cherry going" means maintaining a consistent burn. Professional equivalent: combustion point.
Chief (slang) To take excessively long hits from a shared joint or vape, hogging the rotation. "Don't chief it." Professional equivalent: overconsume in a group setting.
Chronic (slang) High-quality cannabis. Popularized by Dr. Dre's 1992 album. Professional equivalent: premium-grade cannabis flower.
Cashed (slang) A bowl or joint that has been fully consumed with no usable cannabis remaining. "That bowl is cashed." Professional equivalent: fully consumed / empty.
Clambake (slang) Smoking cannabis in a sealed space (car, small room) to maximize exposure to smoke. Also called "hotboxing." Professional equivalent: enclosed consumption.
Cone (slang) A pre-formed rolling paper shaped into a cone for easy joint rolling. Also refers to the finished joint itself. Professional equivalent: pre-roll cone/pre-roll. See also: pre-roll.
Cross (slang) A hybrid strain created by breeding two different parent strains together. "That's a cross of GG4 and Zkittlez." Also the act of breeding: "they crossed OG with Runtz." Professional equivalent: hybrid cultivar / cross-breed.
Dabber (slang) A small tool (usually metal, glass, or ceramic) used to handle and apply concentrate to a heated banger. Professional equivalent: concentrate application tool.
Dank (slang) High-quality, potent, aromatic cannabis. Originally described the damp, pungent smell of premium flower. One of the most widely used quality descriptors. Professional equivalent: premium-grade, high-potency cannabis.
Dewy (slang) Cannabis flower that appears sticky and glistening with trichomes. Professional equivalent: high trichome density / resinous.
Dime bag (slang) A $10 quantity of cannabis (historically about a gram on the illicit market). Professional equivalent: 1 gram (approximate).
Dog walker (slang) A small, short-format pre-roll (0.3-0.5g) designed to be smoked during a quick activity like walking the dog. Professional equivalent: mini pre-roll. See also: mini pre-roll.
Doobie (slang) An older slang term for a cannabis joint, popular from the 1960s-1990s. Professional equivalent: cannabis joint.
Eighth (slang) One-eighth of an ounce (3.5 grams) of cannabis -- the most common unit of flower purchase at dispensaries. Professional equivalent: 3.5 grams.
Exotic (slang) Rare, hard-to-find, ultra-premium cannabis genetics -- typically from trendy breeders with limited availability. "Exotics" command the highest prices on dispensary menus. The term evolved into "za" in recent slang. Professional equivalent: ultra-premium / rare cultivar. See also: za.
Fire (slang) Exceptionally high-quality cannabis. "That flower is fire" = that flower is excellent. Professional equivalent: top-shelf / premium grade.
Flower power (slang) A preference for smoking cannabis flower rather than concentrates or edibles. Also a cultural reference to the 1960s counterculture movement. Professional equivalent: flower-preference consumer.
Frost (slang) Visible trichome coverage on cannabis buds, giving a white, crystalline, "frosty" appearance. Heavy frost indicates high resin production and generally correlates with potency. Professional equivalent: high trichome density.
Gas (slang) High-quality, potent cannabis with a strong, fuel-like aroma (often from terpenes like myrcene and caryophyllene). "That's gas" = that's excellent. Professional equivalent: premium cannabis, often with a fuel/diesel terpene profile.
Greened out (slang) Having consumed too much cannabis, resulting in nausea, pallor, and malaise. Professional equivalent: cannabis overconsumption. See also: green out.
Half (slang) Half an ounce (14 grams) of cannabis. A bulk purchase quantity that typically offers a per-gram discount. Professional equivalent: 14 grams / half ounce.
Head shop (slang) A retail store selling smoking accessories, pipes, bongs, rolling papers, and related paraphernalia. Head shops predate legal dispensaries and remain a separate retail category. In legal markets, some head shops have transitioned to or coexist with dispensary licenses. Professional equivalent: smoking accessories retailer.
Heady (slang) (1) Premium, artisan-quality (often for glass or concentrates). (2) Having strong cerebral/psychoactive effects. Professional equivalent: (1) premium artisan-grade, (2) cerebral effect profile.
Hitter (slang) A strain or product that produces strong, fast-acting effects. "That's a hitter." Professional equivalent: high-potency, rapid-onset product.
Hotbox (slang) Smoking cannabis in a sealed space (car, closet, small room) until it fills with smoke. Professional equivalent: enclosed cannabis consumption. See also: clambake.
Indica (slang) While technically a botanical classification, "indica" is used colloquially as shorthand for relaxing, sedative, "in da couch" effects. Note: terpene and cannabinoid profiles are more accurate predictors of effects than indica/sativa. Professional equivalent: relaxation-oriented cultivar. See also: indica under Cultivation.
Joint (slang) While also a standard product term, "joint" is deeply embedded in cannabis culture as the iconic consumption format. Professional equivalent: pre-roll / cannabis cigarette. See also: Product Types & Forms.
Kush (slang) Originally referring to strains from the Hindu Kush mountain region, "kush" now broadly describes any indica-dominant strain with earthy, piney characteristics. Professional equivalent: indica-dominant cultivar (often OG lineage).
Left-handed cigarette (slang) An old, discreet term for a cannabis joint. Professional equivalent: cannabis joint / pre-roll.
Lit (slang) Intoxicated from cannabis (or general slang for something exciting/excellent). Professional equivalent: intoxicated / under the influence.
Loud (slang) Very aromatic, high-quality cannabis. The smell is "loud" -- you can smell it through the bag. Professional equivalent: high-terpene, aromatic premium cannabis.
Mids (slang) Mid-grade cannabis -- acceptable quality but not premium. Above "schwag" but below "top shelf." Professional equivalent: mid-shelf / standard grade.
Nug (slang) A single bud of cannabis flower. "Fat nugs" implies large, dense, well-grown flower. Professional equivalent: cannabis flower bud.
Nug run (slang) A concentrate extraction using whole flower buds (nugs) rather than trim. "Nug run" on packaging signals premium quality and higher flavor/potency. Professional equivalent: whole-flower extraction. See also: nug run under Processing & Extraction.
Nickel bag (slang) A $5 quantity of cannabis on the illicit market. Along with "dime bag" ($10), part of the traditional street pricing nomenclature. Professional equivalent: approximately 0.5 grams.
OG (slang) Originally "Ocean Grown" (disputed), now a general designation for strains in the OG Kush lineage. OG strains are among the most popular and widely cultivated. Professional equivalent: OG Kush-lineage cultivar.
One-hitter (slang) A small pipe designed for a single inhalation of cannabis. Also called a "bat" or "chillum." Professional equivalent: single-dose pipe.
Pack (slang) (1) A quantity of cannabis flower ready for sale. (2) To load a bowl or vaporizer with ground cannabis. Professional equivalent: (1) packaged flower inventory, (2) load/prepare for consumption.
Pinner (slang) A very thin, tightly rolled joint. Professional equivalent: small-format pre-roll.
Pot (slang) One of the oldest and most widely recognized slang terms for cannabis. Professional equivalent: cannabis.
Pre-game (slang) Consuming cannabis before an activity or event. Professional equivalent: pre-activity cannabis consumption.
Puff, puff, pass (slang) The traditional etiquette for sharing a joint in a group: take two puffs then pass to the next person. Professional equivalent: group consumption rotation protocol.
Purp (slang) Cannabis with purple coloration in the flowers, typically caused by anthocyanin pigments activated by cold temperatures during growth. "Purps" are perceived as premium. Professional equivalent: purple-phenotype cultivar.
Quarter (slang) One-quarter of an ounce (7 grams) of cannabis. A common purchase quantity, typically offering a small per-gram discount over buying two eighths. Professional equivalent: 7 grams.
Reclaim (slang) The residue that collects inside a dab rig or vaporizer after repeated use. Reclaim contains remaining cannabinoids and can be collected and reused. Professional equivalent: vaporizer residue / recollected concentrate.
Reefer (slang) A very old slang term for cannabis, originating from the 1930s "Reefer Madness" era. Now used mostly humorously. Professional equivalent: cannabis.
Rip (slang) To take a large, forceful inhalation from a bong, pipe, or vaporizer. "Rip the bong." Professional equivalent: inhale / consume via water pipe.
Roach (slang) The small, often resin-coated remnant of a smoked joint. Too small to hold comfortably, often saved and re-rolled into "roach joints." Professional equivalent: joint remnant.
Sativa (slang) While technically a botanical classification, "sativa" is used colloquially as shorthand for energizing, uplifting, "daytime" effects. Note: terpene and cannabinoid profiles are more accurate predictors of effects than indica/sativa. Professional equivalent: energy-oriented cultivar. See also: sativa under Cultivation.
Schwag (slang) Very low-quality cannabis -- dry, stemmy, seeded, poor aroma. The lowest tier on the quality spectrum. Professional equivalent: low-grade / bottom-shelf cannabis.
Sesh (slang) Short for "session" -- a social smoking occasion. "Let's have a sesh." Professional equivalent: group consumption session. See also: session.
Shake (slang) Small pieces of flower that break off from larger buds during handling and packaging. Shake settles to the bottom of containers and is typically sold at a discount. Professional equivalent: loose flower fragments / trim.
Shotgun (slang) Exhaling cannabis smoke directly into another person's mouth. Professional equivalent: shared exhalation (no professional equivalent in retail context).
Skunk (slang) (1) Cannabis with a strong, pungent smell reminiscent of a skunk. (2) A specific family of cannabis strains (Skunk #1, Super Skunk). Professional equivalent: pungent-aroma cultivar / Skunk-lineage genetics.
Sneaky Pete (slang) A discreet, portable vaporizer designed to be inconspicuous. Professional equivalent: compact/discreet vaporizer device.
Spliff (slang) A joint rolled with a mix of cannabis and tobacco. More common in Europe than the US. Not typically sold in dispensaries due to tobacco regulations. Professional equivalent: cannabis-tobacco blend cigarette.
Stanky (slang) Cannabis with an extremely strong, pungent aroma -- usually considered a positive quality indicator. "That flower is stanky." Professional equivalent: high-terpene, pungent-aroma cannabis.
Stash (slang) A personal supply of cannabis. "My stash" = the cannabis I have stored. Professional equivalent: personal cannabis inventory/supply.
Sticky icky (slang) Very resinous, trichome-covered cannabis flower that feels sticky to the touch. Indicates high resin production and generally correlates with quality. Professional equivalent: high-resin, trichome-dense cannabis flower.
Snapper (slang) A single hit's worth of cannabis packed into a bowl, designed to be completely consumed in one inhalation. Snapping a bowl eliminates stale smoke and waste. Professional equivalent: single-hit serving.
Stoner (slang) A regular, often daily cannabis consumer. The term carries cultural connotations that the industry is working to evolve beyond. Professional equivalent: regular cannabis consumer.
Terp sauce (slang) A concentrate that is extremely high in terpenes, resulting in a liquid, flavorful product. Professional equivalent: high-terpene full-spectrum extract (HTFSE). See also: sauce.
Top shelf (slang) The highest quality tier of cannabis products at a dispensary -- literally, products displayed on the top shelf. Premium pricing, premium genetics, premium cultivation. Professional equivalent: premium tier / highest grade.
Torch (slang) A butane blowtorch used to heat the banger or nail on a dab rig to the proper temperature for vaporizing concentrates. Being replaced by e-nails and e-rigs for convenience and safety. Professional equivalent: dab rig heating element.
Tree (slang) Cannabis, derived from the visual resemblance of large buds to small trees. Professional equivalent: cannabis.
Trim (slang) (1) Cannabis leaf material removed during manicuring. (2) The act of trimming cannabis buds. "Buy some trim" = purchase excess leaf material for extraction. Professional equivalent: (1) trimmed plant material, (2) post-harvest processing.
Toke (slang) A single puff or inhalation from a joint, pipe, or vaporizer. "Take a toke." One of the most widely recognized cannabis action terms, in use since the 1960s. Professional equivalent: single inhalation / puff.
Wake and bake (slang) Consuming cannabis first thing in the morning upon waking. A cultural practice among daily consumers. Professional equivalent: morning cannabis consumption.
Weed (slang) The most common casual term for cannabis worldwide. Widely understood across all demographics. Professional equivalent: cannabis.
Za (slang) Very high-quality, exotic cannabis. Short for "exotic" (exotics → za). Relatively recent slang (2020s), popular in younger demographics. Professional equivalent: exotic / ultra-premium cannabis.
Zip (slang) One ounce (28 grams) of cannabis. Named for a Ziploc bag, which was the traditional container for an ounce. Professional equivalent: 1 ounce / 28 grams.
Business & Finance
280E (business) Section 280E of the Internal Revenue Code prevents cannabis businesses from deducting most business expenses. Effective tax rates can reach 50-70%+. The single most impactful financial challenge for cannabis operators. See also: Compliance & Legal.
Ancillary business (business) A company that serves the cannabis industry without directly handling cannabis -- technology (POS systems, compliance software), packaging, consulting, real estate, legal services. Ancillary businesses avoid the regulatory burden of plant-touching licenses.
Armored car (business) A licensed secure-transport service used by cannabis businesses to move retail cash from dispensaries to safes or cash-accepting financial institutions. Due to federal banking restrictions, most cannabis transactions are cash, making armored-car relationships operationally critical. Vendor vetting must cover licensing, insurance, route planning, and the vendor's own track record with law-enforcement seizures. See also: cash-handling.md, Empyreal.
Empyreal (business) An armored-car company serving the cannabis industry, widely cited as a cautionary case study after federal law enforcement seized cannabis cash from its vehicles during 2021-2022 traffic stops in Kansas and California -- funds that operators argued were legal under state law. The Empyreal case is the reference point for why cannabis operators must evaluate armored-car vendors on more than pricing (interstate routing, federal seizure exposure, banking partner). See also: cash-handling.md, armored car.
Basket economics (business) The financial analysis of per-transaction profitability, including product mix, margin by category, discounting impact, and customer acquisition cost. Basket economics drive retail pricing and promotion strategy.
Brand licensing (business) A business model where a cannabis brand licenses its name, formulations, and packaging to licensed operators in other states or markets. Brand licensing allows multistate brand presence without the capital cost of obtaining licenses in each market.
Breakage (business) Revenue from loyalty points, gift cards, or promotional credits that are never redeemed. Breakage is a small but measurable revenue component for dispensaries with loyalty programs. Also refers to product loss from damaged packaging or dropped inventory.
Burn rate (business) The rate at which a cannabis company spends cash reserves, typically measured monthly. Critical in cannabis where most businesses operated at a loss during initial market buildout. "How long is our runway?" = cash reserves / burn rate.
Cannabis 1.0 (business) The initial phase of a cannabis market focused primarily on flower, pre-rolls, and basic concentrates. Cannabis 1.0 markets are characterized by limited product diversity, high prices, and supply-constrained retail. See also: Cannabis 2.0.
Cannabis Social Club (business) A private, membership-based organization where members collectively grow, distribute, and consume cannabis. Originated in Barcelona, Spain as a legal framework based on shared private consumption. US adaptations typically operate as BYOC private clubs. See also: BYOC, consumption lounge, social-consumption-events.md.
Cannabis 2.0 (business) Industry term for the wave of derivative products (edibles, beverages, concentrates, topicals) that followed the initial focus on flower and pre-rolls in new markets. Canada coined the term when it legalized derivatives in October 2019.
Canopy (business) In a business context, total cultivation area as a measure of production capacity and company scale. "They have 100,000 sq ft of canopy." Also used to calculate license valuation. See also: canopy limit under Compliance & Legal.
Cash-only (business) A business operating exclusively in cash due to inability to access banking services. Most cannabis dispensaries were cash-only until recent ATM and cashless debit workarounds gained adoption. Cash-only operations face higher security costs and accounting complexity.
Cashless debit (business) A payment workaround where cannabis purchases are processed as PIN-debit transactions through compliant payment processors. Not technically a "credit card" transaction, which avoids some federal banking concerns. Gaining rapid adoption. See also: SAFE Banking.
COGS (business) Cost of Goods Sold -- the direct costs attributable to producing cannabis products (cultivation inputs, extraction labor, packaging). Under 280E, COGS is one of the few deductible expenses, making COGS calculation and allocation strategically critical. See also: 280E.
Consolidation (business) The ongoing trend of larger cannabis companies acquiring smaller operators. Accelerated in markets where license caps create scarcity. Consolidation reduces competition and market diversity but can bring operational efficiencies.
Cost per acquisition (CPA) (business) The marketing cost to acquire one new customer. Cannabis CPA is calculated across channels: social media, marketplace platform listings, local advertising, and first-time customer discounts. Typical cannabis dispensary CPA ranges from $10-50 depending on market competitiveness and channel.
Cultivation cost per pound (business) A key metric for cannabis grower economics. Indoor cultivation: $200-800/lb. Greenhouse: $100-400/lb. Outdoor: $50-200/lb. Wide ranges reflect geography, scale, labor costs, and energy prices.
Compliance cost (business) The total cost of meeting regulatory requirements -- seed-to-sale software fees, lab testing, security systems, compliance staff, packaging mandates, and record-keeping. Compliance costs in cannabis are substantially higher than comparable retail industries, often 10-20% of revenue.
Dispensary valuation (business) The estimated market value of a dispensary business, driven primarily by license scarcity, revenue/EBITDA multiples, location, and market growth trajectory. In limited-license states, the license alone can be worth millions.
Distressed asset (business) A cannabis business or license available at below-market prices due to financial difficulty, regulatory issues, or market conditions. Distressed acquisitions are common during cannabis market downturns.
Due diligence (business) The investigation process before acquiring a cannabis business or license. Cannabis due diligence is uniquely complex -- must verify license transferability, compliance history, pending violations, inventory accuracy, 280E exposure, and all ownership disclosures. A failed compliance audit can invalidate a deal.
EBITDA (business) Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization -- the standard profitability metric used in cannabis company valuation. Cannabis EBITDA must account for 280E's impact on effective tax rates.
First-mover advantage (business) The competitive benefit of entering a cannabis market early, before licenses are awarded to competitors. First movers build brand recognition, customer loyalty, and operational expertise. In limited-license states, first-mover advantage can be worth millions in market share.
Flower compression (business) Market pressure that drives flower prices down over time as cultivation capacity outpaces demand. Flower compression has occurred in every mature cannabis market (Oregon, Colorado, California, Michigan) and drives businesses toward higher-margin categories like concentrates and edibles.
Franchise model (business) A cannabis business structure where a franchisor provides brand identity, SOPs, and supply chain to independently owned franchise locations. True franchising is rare in cannabis due to licensing complexity but the concept is evolving.
Gray market (business) Cannabis sold outside the regulated system but not through traditional illicit channels -- includes gifting services, unlicensed delivery, and jurisdictional workarounds. The gray market is significant in high-tax states where legal prices substantially exceed illicit market prices.
Green rush (business) The influx of investment and entrepreneurship into newly legalized cannabis markets, analogous to a gold rush. Green rushes are characterized by high optimism, inflated valuations, and significant capital deployment, often followed by market corrections.
Headcount (business) The number of employees in a cannabis operation. Cannabis businesses are labor-intensive -- a dispensary typically employs 15-40 people, and a mid-size cultivation facility may need 30-100+ workers. Labor is often the largest operating expense after rent and product cost.
Horizontal integration (business) A business model focused on one supply chain segment (e.g., operating multiple dispensaries without cultivation or manufacturing). Contrasts with vertical integration. See also: vertical integration.
Illicit market (business) The unregulated, unlicensed cannabis market that competes with legal dispensaries. The illicit market often offers lower prices (no taxes, no compliance costs) and remains a significant competitor in every legal state. In California, the illicit market is estimated to be larger than the legal market. See also: gray market.
IP protection (business) Intellectual property strategies in cannabis -- plant patents, trade secrets, trademarks, and proprietary genetics. Federal patent protection is evolving but trademarks are complicated by cannabis's federal illegality (can't register a trademark for a Schedule I product).
Inventory shrinkage (business) The loss of cannabis inventory due to theft, miscounting, product degradation, or waste. Cannabis shrinkage is closely monitored by regulators -- seed-to-sale tracking must account for all inventory, and unexplained discrepancies trigger compliance investigations. See also: diversion.
License cap (business) The maximum number of cannabis licenses a state will issue for a given category. License caps create scarcity, drive up license values, and limit competition. States with caps (IL, NJ, OH) differ significantly from open-license states (OR, CO, OK). See also: limited license.
License stacking (business) Acquiring multiple licenses in the same or adjacent categories to increase market share or operational flexibility. Common in markets where individual license caps exist (e.g., one company holding the maximum allowed dispensary licenses).
Legacy operator (business) A cannabis business owner who operated in the pre-legalization market (illicit or semi-legal) and transitioned to the legal market. Many social equity programs prioritize legacy operators. Their market knowledge and customer relationships are valuable, but navigating regulatory compliance is often a challenge.
M&A (business) Mergers and Acquisitions -- consolidation activity in the cannabis industry. Cannabis M&A is driven by license scarcity, scale advantages, and market expansion. Activity spikes during market downturns when distressed operators seek buyers. MSOs are the primary acquirers.
Margin (business) Profit margin on cannabis products. Varies dramatically by category: flower (35-55%), concentrates (40-60%), edibles (45-65%), vapes (50-70%). Margins are compressed by 280E, competition, and pricing pressure.
MSO (business) Multi-State Operator -- a cannabis company that operates in multiple states. MSOs like Curaleaf, Trulieve, and Green Thumb Industries are the largest companies in the industry. MSOs leverage brand licensing and M&A to grow across markets.
Oversupply (business) A market condition where cannabis production exceeds demand, driving wholesale and retail prices down. Oversupply is common in open-license states (Oregon, Oklahoma) and has devastated operator profitability in multiple markets. Signals include declining wholesale prices, increasing unsold inventory, and license forfeitures.
Plant-touching (business) A business that directly handles cannabis (cultivation, manufacturing, distribution, retail). Plant-touching businesses face the full regulatory burden -- licensing, 280E, banking restrictions, compliance requirements. Contrasts with ancillary businesses. See also: ancillary business.
Price compression (business) The downward pressure on cannabis wholesale and retail prices as supply increases in maturing markets. Price compression is inevitable in every legal market and drives operators to seek efficiency, differentiation, or higher-margin product categories.
Private label (business) A product manufactured by one company but sold under a dispensary's own brand name. Private labeling allows dispensaries to capture margin that would otherwise go to third-party brands. Growing trend as dispensaries seek differentiation.
Race to the bottom (business) The competitive dynamic in mature cannabis markets where oversupply drives wholesale and retail prices ever lower. Oregon, Colorado, and Michigan have all experienced aggressive price compression. Operators must differentiate on quality, brand, or efficiency to survive.
Revenue per square foot (business) A retail performance metric measuring dispensary sales relative to store size. Top-performing cannabis dispensaries can exceed $2000/sq ft annually, making them among the highest revenue-per-square-foot retail formats.
Runway (business) The number of months a cannabis company can continue operating at its current burn rate before running out of cash. Runway = cash reserves / monthly burn rate. In capital-constrained cannabis markets, runway management is existential. See also: burn rate.
SOP (business) Standard Operating Procedure -- documented processes required for cannabis business licensing and operations. SOPs cover cultivation, manufacturing, security, inventory, cash handling, and every other operational area. Required by regulators and critical for consistent operations.
Supply chain (business) The end-to-end flow of cannabis from seed to consumer: cultivation, harvesting, processing/manufacturing, testing, distribution/transport, and retail. Each stage requires separate or combined licensing. Cannabis supply chains are state-contained due to the prohibition on interstate commerce. See also: vertical integration, interstate commerce.
Tax burden (business) The cumulative tax impact on cannabis products. Cannabis is one of the most heavily taxed consumer goods in the US -- combined excise tax, state sales tax, local tax, and the impact of 280E can mean total effective tax rates of 50-80%+. The high tax burden is the primary driver of price disparity between legal and illicit markets. See also: 280E, excise tax.
Social equity operator (business) A cannabis business owned by a qualifying social equity applicant -- typically someone from a community disproportionately impacted by cannabis prohibition. Social equity operators may receive licensing priority, reduced fees, and business support. See also: social equity.
Vertical integration (business) A business model where one entity controls multiple supply chain stages (cultivation, manufacturing, distribution, and retail). Some states mandate vertical integration; others prohibit it. See also: Compliance & Legal.
White label (business) A product manufactured by a third party that a dispensary or brand resells under its own branding. Similar to private label but typically with less customization -- the manufacturer produces a standard product that multiple brands can rebrand. Common for vape cartridges and edibles.
Wholesale (business) The sale of cannabis products from cultivators/manufacturers to dispensaries (B2B). Wholesale pricing is a key indicator of market health -- sustained low wholesale prices signal oversupply.
Cross-Reference Index
For deeper information on specific topics, see these dedicated reference files:
- Cannabinoid science, mechanisms, and profiles: cannabinoids.md
- Terpene encyclopedia, aromas, effects, and strain associations: terpenes.md
- Entourage effect, full-spectrum vs isolate comparison: entourage-effect.md
- COA interpretation, testing panels, state requirements: coa-testing.md
- Cannabis strains and genetics: strains.md
- Brand directory: brands.md
- Product categories and taxonomy: categories.md